/* clang-format off */
/* tiffcrop.c -- a port of tiffcp.c extended to include manipulations of
 * the image data through additional options listed below
 *
 * Original code:
 * Copyright (c) 1988-1997 Sam Leffler
 * Copyright (c) 1991-1997 Silicon Graphics, Inc.
 * Additions (c) Richard Nolde 2006-2010
 *
 * Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and sell this software and
 * its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee, provided
 * that (i) the above copyright notices and this permission notice appear in
 * all copies of the software and related documentation, and (ii) the names of
 * Sam Leffler and Silicon Graphics may not be used in any advertising or
 * publicity relating to the software without the specific, prior written
 * permission of Sam Leffler and Silicon Graphics.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS-IS" AND WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
 * EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR OTHERWISE, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY
 * WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
 *
 * IN NO EVENT SHALL SAM LEFFLER OR SILICON GRAPHICS OR ANY OTHER COPYRIGHT
 * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 * DAMAGES OF ANY KIND, OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE,
 * DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER OR NOT ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF DAMAGE, AND
 * ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE
 * OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
 *
 * Some portions of the current code are derived from tiffcp, primarily in
 * the areas of lowlevel reading and writing of TAGS, scanlines and tiles though
 * some of the original functions have been extended to support arbitrary bit
 * depths. These functions are presented at the top of this file.
 *
 * Add support for the options below to extract sections of image(s)
 * and to modify the whole image or selected portions of each image by
 * rotations, mirroring, and colorscale/colormap inversion of selected
 * types of TIFF images when appropriate. Some color model dependent
 * functions are restricted to bilevel or 8 bit per sample data.
 * See the man page for the full explanations.
 *
 * New Options:
 * -h             Display the syntax guide.
 * -v             Report the version and last build date for tiffcrop
 *                and libtiff.
 * -z x1,y1,x2,y2:x3,y3,x4,y4:..xN,yN,xN + 1, yN + 1
 *                Specify a series of coordinates to define rectangular
 *                regions by the top left and lower right corners.
 * -e c|d|i|m|s   export mode for images and selections from input images
 *   combined     All images and selections are written to a single
 *                file (default) with multiple selections from one image
 *                combined into a single image
 *   divided      All images and selections are written to a single file
 *                with each selection from one image written to a new image
 *   image        Each input image is written to a new file
 *                (numeric filename sequence) with multiple selections from
 *                the image combined into one image
 *   multiple     Each input image is written to a new file
 *                (numeric filename sequence) with each selection from
 *                the image written to a new image
 *   separated    Individual selections from each image are written
 *                to separate files
 * -U units       [in, cm, px ] inches, centimeters or pixels
 * -H #           Set horizontal resolution of output images to #
 * -V #           Set vertical resolution of output images to #
 * -J #           Horizontal margin of output page to # expressed in current
 *                units when sectioning image into columns x rows
 *                using the -S cols:rows option.
 * -K #           Vertical margin of output page to # expressed in current
 *                units when sectioning image into columns x rows
 *                using the -S cols:rows option.
 * -X #           Horizontal dimension of region to extract expressed in current
 *                units, relative to the specified origin reference 'edge' left
 *                (default for X) or right.
 * -Y #           Vertical dimension of region to extract expressed in current
 *                units, relative to the specified origin reference 'edge' top
 *                (default for Y) or bottom.
 * -O orient      Orientation for output image, portrait, landscape, auto
 * -P page        Page size for output image segments, eg letter, legal, tabloid,
 *                etc.
 * -S cols:rows   Divide the image into equal sized segments using cols across
 *                and rows down
 * -E t|l|r|b     Edge to use as origin (i.e. 'side' of the image not 'corner')
 *                  top    = width from left, zones from top to bottom (default)
 *                  bottom = width from left, zones from bottom to top
 *                  left   = zones from left to right, length from top
 *                  right  = zones from right to left, length from top
 * -m #,#,#,#     Margins from edges for selection: top, left, bottom, right
 *                (commas separated)
 * -Z #:#,#:#     Zones of the image designated as zone X of Y,
 *                eg 1:3 would be first of three equal portions measured
 *                from reference edge (i.e. 'side' not corner)
 * -N odd|even|#,#-#,#|last
 *                Select sequences and/or ranges of images within file
 *                to process. The words odd or even may be used to specify
 *                all odd or even numbered images the word last may be used
 *                in place of a number in the sequence to indicate the final
 *                image in the file without knowing how many images there are.
 * -R #           Rotate image or crop selection by 90,180,or 270 degrees
 *                clockwise
 * -F h|v         Flip (mirror) image or crop selection horizontally
 *                or vertically
 * -I [black|white|data|both]
 *                Invert color space, eg dark to light for bilevel and
 *                grayscale images If argument is white or black, set the
 *                PHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION tag to MinIsBlack or MinIsWhite
 *                without altering the image data. If the argument is data
 *                or both, the image data are modified:
 *                both inverts the data and the PHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION tag,
 *                data inverts the data but not the PHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION tag
 * -D input:<filename1>,output:<filename2>,format:<raw|txt>,level:N,debug:N
 *                Dump raw data for input and/or output images to individual
 *                files in raw (binary) format or text (ASCII) representing
 *                binary data as strings of 1s and 0s. The filename arguments
 *                are used as stems from which individual files are created for
 *                each image. Text format includes annotations for image
 *                parameters and scanline info. Level selects which functions
 *                dump data, with higher numbers selecting lower level,
 *                scanline level routines. Debug reports a limited set
 *                of messages to monitor progress without enabling dump logs.
 *
 * Note 1:  The (-X|-Y), -Z, -z and -S options are mutually exclusive.
 *          In no case should the options be applied to a given
 *          selection successively.
 * Note 2:  Any of the -X, -Y, -Z and -z options together with other
 *          PAGE_MODE_x options such as -H, -V, -P, -J or -K are not supported
 *          and may cause buffer overflows.
 */
/* clang-format on */

#include "libport.h"
#include "tif_config.h"
#include "tiffiop.h"

#include <assert.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>

#ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
#include <unistd.h>
#endif

#ifndef EXIT_SUCCESS
#define EXIT_SUCCESS 0
#endif
#ifndef EXIT_FAILURE
#define EXIT_FAILURE 1
#endif

#include "tiffio.h"

#ifndef PATH_MAX
#define PATH_MAX 1024
#endif

#define TRUE 1
#define FALSE 0

#ifndef TIFFhowmany
#define TIFFhowmany(x, y)                                                      \
    ((((uint32_t)(x)) + (((uint32_t)(y)) - 1)) / ((uint32_t)(y)))
#define TIFFhowmany8(x)                                                        \
    (((x)&0x07) ? ((uint32_t)(x) >> 3) + 1 : (uint32_t)(x) >> 3)
#endif

/*
 * Definitions and data structures required to support cropping and image
 * manipulations.
 */

#define EDGE_TOP 1
#define EDGE_LEFT 2
#define EDGE_BOTTOM 3
#define EDGE_RIGHT 4
#define EDGE_CENTER 5

#define MIRROR_HORIZ 1
#define MIRROR_VERT 2
#define MIRROR_BOTH 3
#define ROTATECW_90 8
#define ROTATECW_180 16
#define ROTATECW_270 32
#define ROTATE_ANY (ROTATECW_90 | ROTATECW_180 | ROTATECW_270)

#define CROP_NONE                                                              \
    0 /* "-S" -> Page_MODE_ROWSCOLS and page->rows/->cols != 0                 \
       */
#define CROP_MARGINS 1  /* "-m" */
#define CROP_WIDTH 2    /* "-X" */
#define CROP_LENGTH 4   /* "-Y" */
#define CROP_ZONES 8    /* "-Z" */
#define CROP_REGIONS 16 /* "-z" */
#define CROP_ROTATE 32
#define CROP_MIRROR 64
#define CROP_INVERT 128

/* Modes for writing out images and selections */
#define ONE_FILE_COMPOSITE 0       /* One file, sections combined sections */
#define ONE_FILE_SEPARATED 1       /* One file, sections to new IFDs */
#define FILE_PER_IMAGE_COMPOSITE 2 /* One file per image, combined sections */
#define FILE_PER_IMAGE_SEPARATED 3 /* One file per input image */
#define FILE_PER_SELECTION 4       /* One file per selection */

#define COMPOSITE_IMAGES 0 /* Selections combined into one image */
#define SEPARATED_IMAGES 1 /* Selections saved to separate images */

#define STRIP 1
#define TILE 2

#define MAX_REGIONS 8   /* number of regions to extract from a single page */
#define MAX_OUTBUFFS 8  /* must match larger of zones or regions */
#define MAX_SECTIONS 32 /* number of sections per page to write to output */
#define MAX_IMAGES                                                             \
    2048              /* number of images in descrete list, not in the file    \
                       */
#define MAX_SAMPLES 8 /* maximum number of samples per pixel supported */
#define MAX_BITS_PER_SAMPLE 64  /* maximum bit depth supported */
#define MAX_EXPORT_PAGES 999999 /* maximum number of export pages per file */

#define DUMP_NONE 0
#define DUMP_TEXT 1
#define DUMP_RAW 2

#define TIFF_DIR_MAX 65534

/* To avoid mode buffer overflow */
#define MAX_MODESTRING_LEN 9

/* Some conversion subroutines require image buffers, which are at least 3 bytes
 * larger than the necessary size for the image itself. */
#define NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES 3

/* Offsets into buffer for margins and fixed width and length segments */
struct offset
{
    uint32_t tmargin;
    uint32_t lmargin;
    uint32_t bmargin;
    uint32_t rmargin;
    uint32_t crop_width;
    uint32_t crop_length;
    uint32_t startx;
    uint32_t endx;
    uint32_t starty;
    uint32_t endy;
};

/* Description of a zone within the image. Position 1 of 3 zones would be
 * the first third of the image. These are computed after margins and
 * width/length requests are applied so that you can extract multiple
 * zones from within a larger region for OCR or barcode recognition.
 */

struct buffinfo
{
    size_t size;           /* size of this buffer */
    unsigned char *buffer; /* address of the allocated buffer */
};

struct zone
{
    int position; /* ordinal of segment to be extracted */
    int total;    /* total equal sized divisions of crop area */
};

struct pageseg
{
    uint32_t x1;       /* index of left edge */
    uint32_t x2;       /* index of right edge */
    uint32_t y1;       /* index of top edge */
    uint32_t y2;       /* index of bottom edge */
    int position;      /* ordinal of segment to be extracted */
    int total;         /* total equal sized divisions of crop area */
    uint32_t buffsize; /* size of buffer needed to hold the cropped zone */
};

struct coordpairs
{
    double X1; /* index of left edge in current units */
    double X2; /* index of right edge in current units */
    double Y1; /* index of top edge in current units */
    double Y2; /* index of bottom edge in current units */
};

struct region
{
    uint32_t x1;       /* pixel offset of left edge */
    uint32_t x2;       /* pixel offset of right edge */
    uint32_t y1;       /* pixel offset of top edge */
    uint32_t y2;       /* picel offset of bottom edge */
    uint32_t width;    /* width in pixels */
    uint32_t length;   /* length in pixels */
    uint32_t buffsize; /* size of buffer needed to hold the cropped region */
};

/* Cropping parameters from command line and image data
 * Note: This should be renamed to proc_opts and expanded to include all current
 * globals if possible, but each function that accesses global variables will
 * have to be redone.
 */
struct crop_mask
{
    double
        width; /* Selection width for master crop region in requested units */
    double
        length; /* Selection length for master crop region in requesed units */
    double margins[4];        /* Top, left, bottom, right margins */
    float xres;               /* Horizontal resolution read from image*/
    float yres;               /* Vertical resolution read from image */
    uint32_t combined_width;  /* Width of combined cropped zones */
    uint32_t combined_length; /* Length of combined cropped zones */
    uint32_t
        bufftotal; /* Size of buffer needed to hold all the cropped region */
    uint16_t img_mode; /* Composite or separate images created from zones or
                          regions */
    uint16_t
        exp_mode; /* Export input images or selections to one or more files */
    uint16_t crop_mode; /* Crop options to be applied */
    uint16_t res_unit;  /* Resolution unit for margins and selections */
    uint16_t
        edge_ref; /* Reference edge for sections extraction and combination */
    uint16_t rotation; /* Clockwise rotation of the extracted region or image */
    uint16_t mirror;   /* Mirror extracted region or image horizontally or
                          vertically */
    uint16_t invert;   /* Invert the color map of image or region */
    uint16_t photometric; /* Status of photometric interpretation for inverted
                             image */
    uint16_t selections;  /* Number of regions or zones selected */
    uint16_t regions; /* Number of regions delimited by corner coordinates */
    struct region
        regionlist[MAX_REGIONS]; /* Regions within page or master crop region */
    uint16_t zones; /* Number of zones delimited by Ordinal:Total requested */
    struct zone zonelist[MAX_REGIONS]; /* Zones indices to define a region */
    struct coordpairs corners[MAX_REGIONS]; /* Coordinates of upper left and
                                               lower right corner */
};

#define MAX_PAPERNAMES                                                         \
    (sizeof(PaperTable) / sizeof(PaperTable[0])) /* was 49                     \
                                                  */
#define MAX_PAPERNAME_LENGTH 15
#define DEFAULT_RESUNIT RESUNIT_INCH
#define DEFAULT_PAGE_HEIGHT 14.0
#define DEFAULT_PAGE_WIDTH 8.5
#define DEFAULT_RESOLUTION 300
#define DEFAULT_PAPER_SIZE "legal"

#define ORIENTATION_NONE 0
#define ORIENTATION_PORTRAIT 1
#define ORIENTATION_LANDSCAPE 2
#define ORIENTATION_SEASCAPE 4
#define ORIENTATION_AUTO 16

#define PAGE_MODE_NONE 0
#define PAGE_MODE_RESOLUTION 1
#define PAGE_MODE_PAPERSIZE 2
#define PAGE_MODE_MARGINS 4
#define PAGE_MODE_ROWSCOLS 8 /* for -S option */

#define INVERT_DATA_ONLY 10
#define INVERT_DATA_AND_TAG 11

struct paperdef
{
    char name[MAX_PAPERNAME_LENGTH];
    double width;
    double length;
    double asratio;
};

/* European page sizes corrected from update sent by
 * thomas . jarosch @ intra2net . com on 5/7/2010
 * Paper Size       Width   Length  Aspect Ratio */
static const struct paperdef PaperTable[/*MAX_PAPERNAMES*/] = {
    {"default", 8.500, 14.000, 0.607},
    {"pa4", 8.264, 11.000, 0.751},
    {"letter", 8.500, 11.000, 0.773},
    {"legal", 8.500, 14.000, 0.607},
    {"half-letter", 8.500, 5.514, 1.542},
    {"executive", 7.264, 10.528, 0.690},
    {"tabloid", 11.000, 17.000, 0.647},
    {"11x17", 11.000, 17.000, 0.647},
    {"ledger", 17.000, 11.000, 1.545},
    {"archa", 9.000, 12.000, 0.750},
    {"archb", 12.000, 18.000, 0.667},
    {"archc", 18.000, 24.000, 0.750},
    {"archd", 24.000, 36.000, 0.667},
    {"arche", 36.000, 48.000, 0.750},
    {"csheet", 17.000, 22.000, 0.773},
    {"dsheet", 22.000, 34.000, 0.647},
    {"esheet", 34.000, 44.000, 0.773},
    {"superb", 11.708, 17.042, 0.687},
    {"commercial", 4.139, 9.528, 0.434},
    {"monarch", 3.889, 7.528, 0.517},
    {"envelope-dl", 4.333, 8.681, 0.499},
    {"envelope-c5", 6.389, 9.028, 0.708},
    {"europostcard", 4.139, 5.833, 0.710},
    {"a0", 33.110, 46.811, 0.707},
    {"a1", 23.386, 33.110, 0.706},
    {"a2", 16.535, 23.386, 0.707},
    {"a3", 11.693, 16.535, 0.707},
    {"a4", 8.268, 11.693, 0.707},
    {"a5", 5.827, 8.268, 0.705},
    {"a6", 4.134, 5.827, 0.709},
    {"a7", 2.913, 4.134, 0.705},
    {"a8", 2.047, 2.913, 0.703},
    {"a9", 1.457, 2.047, 0.712},
    {"a10", 1.024, 1.457, 0.703},
    {"b0", 39.370, 55.669, 0.707},
    {"b1", 27.835, 39.370, 0.707},
    {"b2", 19.685, 27.835, 0.707},
    {"b3", 13.898, 19.685, 0.706},
    {"b4", 9.843, 13.898, 0.708},
    {"b5", 6.929, 9.843, 0.704},
    {"b6", 4.921, 6.929, 0.710},
    {"c0", 36.102, 51.063, 0.707},
    {"c1", 25.512, 36.102, 0.707},
    {"c2", 18.031, 25.512, 0.707},
    {"c3", 12.756, 18.031, 0.707},
    {"c4", 9.016, 12.756, 0.707},
    {"c5", 6.378, 9.016, 0.707},
    {"c6", 4.488, 6.378, 0.704},
    {"", 0.000, 0.000, 1.000}};

/* Structure to define input image parameters */
struct image_data
{
    float xres;
    float yres;
    uint32_t width;
    uint32_t length;
    uint16_t res_unit;
    uint16_t bps;
    uint16_t spp;
    uint16_t planar;
    uint16_t photometric;
    uint16_t orientation;
    uint16_t compression;
    uint16_t adjustments;
};

/* Structure to define the output image modifiers */
struct pagedef
{
    char name[16];
    double width;        /* width in pixels */
    double length;       /* length in pixels */
    double hmargin;      /* margins to subtract from width of sections */
    double vmargin;      /* margins to subtract from height of sections */
    double hres;         /* horizontal resolution for output */
    double vres;         /* vertical resolution for output */
    uint32_t mode;       /* bitmask of modifiers to page format */
    uint16_t res_unit;   /* resolution unit for output image */
    unsigned int rows;   /* number of section rows */
    unsigned int cols;   /* number of section cols */
    unsigned int orient; /* portrait, landscape, seascape, auto */
};

struct dump_opts
{
    int debug;
    int format;
    int level;
    char mode[4];
    char infilename[PATH_MAX + 1];
    char outfilename[PATH_MAX + 1];
    FILE *infile;
    FILE *outfile;
};

/* globals */
static int outtiled = -1;
static uint32_t tilewidth = 0;
static uint32_t tilelength = 0;

static uint16_t config = 0;
static uint16_t compression = 0;
static uint16_t predictor = 0;
static uint16_t fillorder = 0;
static uint32_t rowsperstrip = 0;
static uint32_t g3opts = 0;
static int ignore = FALSE; /* if true, ignore read errors */
static uint32_t defg3opts = (uint32_t)-1;
static int quality = 100; /* JPEG quality */
/* static int    jpegcolormode = -1;        was JPEGCOLORMODE_RGB;  */
static int jpegcolormode = JPEGCOLORMODE_RGB;
static uint16_t defcompression = (uint16_t)-1;
static uint16_t defpredictor = (uint16_t)-1;
static int pageNum = 0;
static int little_endian = 1;
static tmsize_t check_buffsize = 0;

/* Functions adapted from tiffcp with additions or significant modifications */
static int readContigStripsIntoBuffer(TIFF *, uint8_t *);
static int readSeparateStripsIntoBuffer(TIFF *, uint8_t *, uint32_t, uint32_t,
                                        tsample_t, struct dump_opts *);
static int readContigTilesIntoBuffer(TIFF *, uint8_t *, uint32_t, uint32_t,
                                     uint32_t, uint32_t, tsample_t, uint16_t);
static int readSeparateTilesIntoBuffer(TIFF *, uint8_t *, uint32_t, uint32_t,
                                       uint32_t, uint32_t, tsample_t, uint16_t);
static int writeBufferToContigStrips(TIFF *, uint8_t *, uint32_t);
static int writeBufferToContigTiles(TIFF *, uint8_t *, uint32_t, uint32_t,
                                    tsample_t, struct dump_opts *);
static int writeBufferToSeparateStrips(TIFF *, uint8_t *, uint32_t, uint32_t,
                                       tsample_t, struct dump_opts *);
static int writeBufferToSeparateTiles(TIFF *, uint8_t *, uint32_t, uint32_t,
                                      tsample_t, struct dump_opts *);
static int extractContigSamplesToBuffer(uint8_t *, uint8_t *, uint32_t,
                                        uint32_t, tsample_t, uint16_t, uint16_t,
                                        struct dump_opts *);
static int processCompressOptions(char *);
static void usage(int code);

/* All other functions by Richard Nolde,  not found in tiffcp */
static void initImageData(struct image_data *);
static void initCropMasks(struct crop_mask *);
static void initPageSetup(struct pagedef *, struct pageseg *,
                          struct buffinfo[]);
static void initDumpOptions(struct dump_opts *);

/* Command line and file naming functions */
void process_command_opts(int, char *[], char *, char *, uint32_t *, uint16_t *,
                          uint16_t *, uint32_t *, uint32_t *, uint32_t *,
                          struct crop_mask *, struct pagedef *,
                          struct dump_opts *, unsigned int *, unsigned int *);
static int update_output_file(TIFF **, char *, int, char *, unsigned int *);

/*  * High level functions for whole image manipulation */
static int get_page_geometry(char *, struct pagedef *);
static int computeInputPixelOffsets(struct crop_mask *, struct image_data *,
                                    struct offset *);
static int computeOutputPixelOffsets(struct crop_mask *, struct image_data *,
                                     struct pagedef *, struct pageseg *,
                                     struct dump_opts *);
static int loadImage(TIFF *, struct image_data *, struct dump_opts *,
                     unsigned char **);
static int correct_orientation(struct image_data *, unsigned char **);
static int getCropOffsets(struct image_data *, struct crop_mask *,
                          struct dump_opts *);
static int processCropSelections(struct image_data *, struct crop_mask *,
                                 unsigned char **, struct buffinfo[]);
static int writeSelections(TIFF *, TIFF **, struct crop_mask *,
                           struct image_data *, struct dump_opts *,
                           struct buffinfo[], char *, char *, unsigned int *,
                           unsigned int);

/* Section functions */
static int createImageSection(uint32_t, unsigned char **);
static int extractImageSection(struct image_data *, struct pageseg *,
                               unsigned char *, unsigned char *);
static int writeSingleSection(TIFF *, TIFF *, struct image_data *,
                              struct dump_opts *, uint32_t, uint32_t, double,
                              double, unsigned char *);
static int writeImageSections(TIFF *, TIFF *, struct image_data *,
                              struct pagedef *, struct pageseg *,
                              struct dump_opts *, unsigned char *,
                              unsigned char **);
/* Whole image functions */
static int createCroppedImage(struct image_data *, struct crop_mask *,
                              unsigned char **, unsigned char **);
static int writeCroppedImage(TIFF *, TIFF *, struct image_data *image,
                             struct dump_opts *dump, uint32_t, uint32_t,
                             unsigned char *, int, int);

/* Image manipulation functions */
static int rotateContigSamples8bits(uint16_t, uint16_t, uint16_t, uint32_t,
                                    uint32_t, uint32_t, uint8_t *, uint8_t *);
static int rotateContigSamples16bits(uint16_t, uint16_t, uint16_t, uint32_t,
                                     uint32_t, uint32_t, uint8_t *, uint8_t *);
static int rotateContigSamples24bits(uint16_t, uint16_t, uint16_t, uint32_t,
                                     uint32_t, uint32_t, uint8_t *, uint8_t *);
static int rotateContigSamples32bits(uint16_t, uint16_t, uint16_t, uint32_t,
                                     uint32_t, uint32_t, uint8_t *, uint8_t *);
static int rotateImage(uint16_t, struct image_data *, uint32_t *, uint32_t *,
                       unsigned char **, size_t *, int);
static int mirrorImage(uint16_t, uint16_t, uint16_t, uint32_t, uint32_t,
                       unsigned char *);
static int invertImage(uint16_t, uint16_t, uint16_t, uint32_t, uint32_t,
                       unsigned char *);

/* Functions to reverse the sequence of samples in a scanline */
static int reverseSamples8bits(uint16_t, uint16_t, uint32_t, uint8_t *,
                               uint8_t *);
static int reverseSamples16bits(uint16_t, uint16_t, uint32_t, uint8_t *,
                                uint8_t *);
static int reverseSamples24bits(uint16_t, uint16_t, uint32_t, uint8_t *,
                                uint8_t *);
static int reverseSamples32bits(uint16_t, uint16_t, uint32_t, uint8_t *,
                                uint8_t *);
static int reverseSamplesBytes(uint16_t, uint16_t, uint32_t, uint8_t *,
                               uint8_t *);

/* Functions for manipulating individual samples in an image */
static int extractSeparateRegion(struct image_data *, struct crop_mask *,
                                 unsigned char *, unsigned char *, int);
static int extractCompositeRegions(struct image_data *, struct crop_mask *,
                                   unsigned char *, unsigned char *);
static int extractContigSamples8bits(uint8_t *, uint8_t *, uint32_t, tsample_t,
                                     uint16_t, uint16_t, tsample_t, uint32_t,
                                     uint32_t);
static int extractContigSamples16bits(uint8_t *, uint8_t *, uint32_t, tsample_t,
                                      uint16_t, uint16_t, tsample_t, uint32_t,
                                      uint32_t);
static int extractContigSamples24bits(uint8_t *, uint8_t *, uint32_t, tsample_t,
                                      uint16_t, uint16_t, tsample_t, uint32_t,
                                      uint32_t);
static int extractContigSamples32bits(uint8_t *, uint8_t *, uint32_t, tsample_t,
                                      uint16_t, uint16_t, tsample_t, uint32_t,
                                      uint32_t);
static int extractContigSamplesBytes(uint8_t *, uint8_t *, uint32_t, tsample_t,
                                     uint16_t, uint16_t, tsample_t, uint32_t,
                                     uint32_t);
static int extractContigSamplesShifted8bits(uint8_t *, uint8_t *, uint32_t,
                                            tsample_t, uint16_t, uint16_t,
                                            tsample_t, uint32_t, uint32_t, int);
static int extractContigSamplesShifted16bits(uint8_t *, uint8_t *, uint32_t,
                                             tsample_t, uint16_t, uint16_t,
                                             tsample_t, uint32_t, uint32_t,
                                             int);
static int extractContigSamplesShifted24bits(uint8_t *, uint8_t *, uint32_t,
                                             tsample_t, uint16_t, uint16_t,
                                             tsample_t, uint32_t, uint32_t,
                                             int);
static int extractContigSamplesShifted32bits(uint8_t *, uint8_t *, uint32_t,
                                             tsample_t, uint16_t, uint16_t,
                                             tsample_t, uint32_t, uint32_t,
                                             int);
static int extractContigSamplesToTileBuffer(uint8_t *, uint8_t *, uint32_t,
                                            uint32_t, uint32_t, uint32_t,
                                            tsample_t, uint16_t, uint16_t,
                                            uint16_t, struct dump_opts *);

/* Functions to combine separate planes into interleaved planes */
static int combineSeparateSamples8bits(uint8_t *[], uint8_t *, uint32_t,
                                       uint32_t, uint16_t, uint16_t, FILE *,
                                       int, int);
static int combineSeparateSamples16bits(uint8_t *[], uint8_t *, uint32_t,
                                        uint32_t, uint16_t, uint16_t, FILE *,
                                        int, int);
static int combineSeparateSamples24bits(uint8_t *[], uint8_t *, uint32_t,
                                        uint32_t, uint16_t, uint16_t, FILE *,
                                        int, int);
static int combineSeparateSamples32bits(uint8_t *[], uint8_t *, uint32_t,
                                        uint32_t, uint16_t, uint16_t, FILE *,
                                        int, int);
static int combineSeparateSamplesBytes(unsigned char *[], unsigned char *,
                                       uint32_t, uint32_t, tsample_t, uint16_t,
                                       FILE *, int, int);

static int combineSeparateTileSamples8bits(uint8_t *[], uint8_t *, uint32_t,
                                           uint32_t, uint32_t, uint32_t,
                                           uint16_t, uint16_t, FILE *, int,
                                           int);
static int combineSeparateTileSamples16bits(uint8_t *[], uint8_t *, uint32_t,
                                            uint32_t, uint32_t, uint32_t,
                                            uint16_t, uint16_t, FILE *, int,
                                            int);
static int combineSeparateTileSamples24bits(uint8_t *[], uint8_t *, uint32_t,
                                            uint32_t, uint32_t, uint32_t,
                                            uint16_t, uint16_t, FILE *, int,
                                            int);
static int combineSeparateTileSamples32bits(uint8_t *[], uint8_t *, uint32_t,
                                            uint32_t, uint32_t, uint32_t,
                                            uint16_t, uint16_t, FILE *, int,
                                            int);
static int combineSeparateTileSamplesBytes(unsigned char *[], unsigned char *,
                                           uint32_t, uint32_t, uint32_t,
                                           uint32_t, tsample_t, uint16_t,
                                           FILE *, int, int);

/* Dump functions for debugging */
static void dump_info(FILE *, int, char *, char *, ...);
static int dump_data(FILE *, int, char *, unsigned char *, uint32_t);
static int dump_byte(FILE *, int, char *, unsigned char);
static int dump_short(FILE *, int, char *, uint16_t);
static int dump_long(FILE *, int, char *, uint32_t);
static int dump_wide(FILE *, int, char *, uint64_t);
static int dump_buffer(FILE *, int, uint32_t, uint32_t, uint32_t,
                       unsigned char *);

/* End function declarations */
/* Functions derived in whole or in part from tiffcp */
/* The following functions are taken largely intact from tiffcp */

#define DEFAULT_MAX_MALLOC (256 * 1024 * 1024)

/* malloc size limit (in bytes)
 * disabled when set to 0 */
static tmsize_t maxMalloc = DEFAULT_MAX_MALLOC;

/**
 * This custom malloc function enforce a maximum allocation size
 */
static void *limitMalloc(tmsize_t s)
{
    if (maxMalloc && (s > maxMalloc))
    {
        fprintf(stderr,
                "MemoryLimitError: allocation of %" PRIu64
                " bytes is forbidden. Limit is %" PRIu64 ".\n",
                (uint64_t)s, (uint64_t)maxMalloc);
        fprintf(stderr, "                  use -k option to change limit.\n");
        return NULL;
    }
    return _TIFFmalloc(s);
}

static const char usage_info[] =
    "Copy, crop, convert, extract, and/or process TIFF files\n\n"
    "usage: tiffcrop [options] source1 ... sourceN  destination\n"
    "where options are:\n"
    " -h       Print this syntax listing\n"
    " -v       Print tiffcrop version identifier and last revision date\n"
    " \n"
    " -a       Append to output instead of overwriting\n"
    " -B       Force output to be written with Big - Endian byte order.\n"
    " -L       Force output to be written with Little-Endian byte order.\n"
    " -M       Suppress the use of memory-mapped files when reading images.\n"
    " -C       Suppress the use of \"strip chopping\" when reading images that "
    "have a single strip/tile of uncompressed data.\n"
    " \n"
    " -d offset     Set initial directory offset, counting first image as one, "
    "not zero\n"
    " -p contig     Pack samples contiguously (e.g. RGBRGB...)\n"
    " -p separate   Store samples separately (e.g. RRR...GGG...BBB...)\n"
    " -s       Write output in strips\n"
    " -t       Write output in tiles\n"
    " -i       Ignore read errors\n"
    " -k size  Set the memory allocation limit in MiB. 0 to disable limit\n"
    " \n"
    " -r #     Make each strip have no more than # rows\n"
    " -w #     Set output tile width (pixels)\n"
    " -l #     Set output tile length (pixels)\n"
    " \n"
    " -f lsb2msb     Force lsb-to-msb FillOrder for output\n"
    " -f msb2lsb     Force msb-to-lsb FillOrder for output\n"
    "\n"
#ifdef LZW_SUPPORT
    " -c lzw[:opts]  Compress output with Lempel-Ziv & Welch encoding\n"
    /* "    LZW options:\n" */
    "    #        Set predictor value\n"
    "    For example, -c lzw:2 for LZW-encoded data with horizontal "
    "differencing\n"
#endif
#ifdef ZIP_SUPPORT
    " -c zip[:opts]  Compress output with deflate encoding\n"
    /* "          Deflate (ZIP) options:\n" */
    "    #        Set predictor value\n"
#endif
#ifdef JPEG_SUPPORT
    " -c jpeg[:opts] Compress output with JPEG encoding\n"
    /* "    JPEG options:\n" */
    "    #        Set compression quality level (0-100, default 100)\n"
    "    raw      Output same colorspace image as input (default)\n"
    "    For example, -c jpeg:raw:50 for JPEG-encoded with 50% comp. "
    "quality and the same colorspace\n"
#endif
#ifdef PACKBITS_SUPPORT
    " -c packbits Compress output with packbits encoding\n"
#endif
#ifdef CCITT_SUPPORT
    " -c g3[:opts] Compress output with CCITT Group 3 encoding\n"
    /* "    CCITT Group 3 options:\n" */
    "    1d        Use default CCITT Group 3 1D-encoding\n"
    "    2d        Use optional CCITT Group 3 2D-encoding\n"
    "    fill      Byte-align EOL codes\n"
    "    For example, -c g3:2d:fill for G3-2D-encoded data with byte-aligned "
    "EOLs\n"
    " -c g4        Compress output with CCITT Group 4 encoding\n"
#endif
#if defined(LZW_SUPPORT) || defined(ZIP_SUPPORT) || defined(JPEG_SUPPORT) ||   \
    defined(PACKBITS_SUPPORT) || defined(CCITT_SUPPORT)
    " -c none      Use no compression algorithm on output\n"
#endif
    "\n"
    "Page and selection options:\n"
    " -N odd|even|#,#-#,#|last         sequences and ranges of images within "
    "file to process\n"
    "             The words odd or even may be used to specify all odd or even "
    "numbered images.\n"
    "             The word last may be used in place of a number in the "
    "sequence to indicate.\n"
    "             The final image in the file without knowing how many images "
    "there are.\n"
    "             Numbers are counted from one even though TIFF IFDs are "
    "counted from zero.\n"
    "\n"
    " -E t|l|r|b  edge to use as origin for width and length of crop region\n"
    " -U units    [in, cm, px ] inches, centimeters or pixels\n"
    " \n"
    " -m #,#,#,#  margins from edges for selection: top, left, bottom, right "
    "separated by commas\n"
    " -X #        horizontal dimension of region to extract expressed in "
    "current units\n"
    " -Y #        vertical dimension of region to extract expressed in current "
    "units\n"
    " -Z #:#,#:#  zones of the image designated as position X of Y,\n"
    "             eg 1:3 would be first of three equal portions measured from "
    "reference edge\n"
    " -z x1,y1,x2,y2:...:xN,yN,xN+1,yN+1\n"
    "             regions of the image designated by upper left and lower "
    "right coordinates\n"
    "\n"
    "Export grouping options:\n"
    " -e c|d|i|m|s    export mode for images and selections from input "
    "images.\n"
    "                 When exporting a composite image from multiple zones or "
    "regions\n"
    "                 (combined and image modes), the selections must have "
    "equal sizes\n"
    "                 for the axis perpendicular to the edge specified with "
    "-E.\n"
    "    c|combined   All images and selections are written to a single file "
    "(default).\n"
    "                 with multiple selections from one image combined into a "
    "single image.\n"
    "    d|divided    All images and selections are written to a single file\n"
    "                 with each selection from one image written to a new "
    "image.\n"
    "    i|image      Each input image is written to a new file (numeric "
    "filename sequence)\n"
    "                 with multiple selections from the image combined into "
    "one image.\n"
    "    m|multiple   Each input image is written to a new file (numeric "
    "filename sequence)\n"
    "                 with each selection from the image written to a new "
    "image.\n"
    "    s|separated  Individual selections from each image are written to "
    "separate files.\n"
    "\n"
    "Output options:\n"
    " -H #        Set horizontal resolution of output images to #\n"
    " -V #        Set vertical resolution of output images to #\n"
    " -J #        Set horizontal margin of output page to # expressed in "
    "current units\n"
    "             when sectioning image into columns x rows using the -S "
    "cols:rows option\n"
    " -K #        Set verticalal margin of output page to # expressed in "
    "current units\n"
    "             when sectioning image into columns x rows using the -S "
    "cols:rows option\n"
    " \n"
    " -O orient    orientation for output image, portrait, landscape, auto\n"
    " -P page      page size for output image segments, eg letter, legal, "
    "tabloid, etc\n"
    "              use #.#x#.# to specify a custom page size in the currently "
    "defined units\n"
    "              where #.# represents the width and length\n"
    " -S cols:rows Divide the image into equal sized segments using cols "
    "across and rows down.\n"
    "\n"
    " -F hor|vert|both\n"
    "             flip (mirror) image or region horizontally, vertically, or "
    "both\n"
    " -R #        [90,180,or 270] degrees clockwise rotation of image or "
    "extracted region\n"
    " -I [black|white|data|both]\n"
    "             invert color space, eg dark to light for bilevel and "
    "grayscale images\n"
    "             If argument is white or black, set the "
    "PHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION \n"
    "             tag to MinIsBlack or MinIsWhite without altering the image "
    "data\n"
    "             If the argument is data or both, the image data are "
    "modified:\n"
    "             both inverts the data and the PHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION "
    "tag,\n"
    "             data inverts the data but not the PHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION "
    "tag\n"
    "\n"
    "-D opt1:value1,opt2:value2,opt3:value3:opt4:value4\n"
    "             Debug/dump program progress and/or data to non-TIFF files.\n"
    "             Options include the following and must be joined as a comma\n"
    "             separate list. The use of this option is generally limited "
    "to\n"
    "             program debugging and development of future options.\n"
    "\n"
    "   debug:N   Display limited program progress indicators where larger N\n"
    "             increase the level of detail. Note: Tiffcrop may be compiled "
    "with\n"
    "             -DDEVELMODE to enable additional very low level debug "
    "reporting.\n"
    "\n"
    "   Format:txt|raw  Format any logged data as ASCII text or raw binary \n"
    "             values. ASCII text dumps include strings of ones and zeroes\n"
    "             representing the binary values in the image data plus "
    "identifying headers.\n"
    "\n"
    "   level:N   Specify the level of detail presented in the dump files.\n"
    "             This can vary from dumps of the entire input or output image "
    "data to dumps\n"
    "             of data processed by specific functions. Current range of "
    "levels is 1 to 3.\n"
    "\n"
    "   input:full-path-to-directory/input-dumpname\n"
    "\n"
    "   output:full-path-to-directory/output-dumpnaem\n"
    "\n"
    "             When dump files are being written, each image will be "
    "written to a separate\n"
    "             file with the name built by adding a numeric sequence value "
    "to the dumpname\n"
    "             and an extension of .txt for ASCII dumps or .bin for binary "
    "dumps.\n"
    "\n"
    "             The four debug/dump options are independent, though it makes "
    "little sense to\n"
    "             specify a dump file without specifying a detail level.\n"
    "\n"
    "Note 1:      The (-X|-Y), -Z, -z and -S options are mutually exclusive.\n"
    "             In no case should the options be applied to a given "
    "selection successively.\n"
    "\n"
    "Note 2:      Any of the -X, -Y, -Z and -z options together with other "
    "PAGE_MODE_x options\n"
    "             such as - H, -V, -P, -J or -K are not supported and may "
    "cause buffer overflows.\n"
    "\n";

/* This function could be modified to pass starting sample offset
 * and number of samples as args to select fewer than spp
 * from input image. These would then be passed to individual
 * extractContigSampleXX routines.
 */
static int readContigTilesIntoBuffer(TIFF *in, uint8_t *buf,
                                     uint32_t imagelength, uint32_t imagewidth,
                                     uint32_t tw, uint32_t tl, tsample_t spp,
                                     uint16_t bps)
{
    int status = 1;
    tsample_t sample = 0;
    tsample_t count = spp;
    uint32_t row, col, trow;
    uint32_t nrow, ncol;
    uint32_t dst_rowsize, shift_width;
    uint32_t bytes_per_sample, bytes_per_pixel;
    uint32_t trailing_bits, prev_trailing_bits;
    tmsize_t tile_rowsize = TIFFTileRowSize(in);
    tmsize_t src_offset, dst_offset;
    uint32_t row_offset, col_offset;
    uint8_t *bufp = (uint8_t *)buf;
    unsigned char *src = NULL;
    unsigned char *dst = NULL;
    tsize_t tbytes = 0, tile_buffsize = 0;
    tsize_t tilesize = TIFFTileSize(in);
    unsigned char *tilebuf = NULL;

    bytes_per_sample = (bps + 7) / 8;
    bytes_per_pixel = ((bps * spp) + 7) / 8;

    if ((bps % 8) == 0)
        shift_width = 0;
    else
    {
        if (bytes_per_pixel < (bytes_per_sample + 1))
            shift_width = bytes_per_pixel;
        else
            shift_width = bytes_per_sample + 1;
    }

    tile_buffsize = tilesize;
    if (tilesize == 0 || tile_rowsize == 0)
    {
        TIFFError("readContigTilesIntoBuffer",
                  "Tile size or tile rowsize is zero");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    if (tilesize < (tsize_t)(tl * tile_rowsize))
    {
#ifdef DEBUG2
        TIFFError("readContigTilesIntoBuffer",
                  "Tilesize %" PRId64
                  " is too small, using alternate calculation %" PRIu64,
                  tilesize, tl * tile_rowsize);
#endif
        if (tile_rowsize != 0 &&
            (tmsize_t)tl > (TIFF_TMSIZE_T_MAX / tile_rowsize))
        {
            TIFFError("readContigTilesIntoBuffer",
                      "Integer overflow when calculating buffer size.");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
        tile_buffsize = tl * tile_rowsize;
    }

    /* Add 3 padding bytes for extractContigSamplesShifted32bits */
    if ((size_t)tile_buffsize > TIFF_TMSIZE_T_MAX - NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES)
    {
        TIFFError("readContigTilesIntoBuffer",
                  "Integer overflow when calculating buffer size.");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    tilebuf = limitMalloc(tile_buffsize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);
    if (tilebuf == 0)
        return 0;
    tilebuf[tile_buffsize] = 0;
    tilebuf[tile_buffsize + 1] = 0;
    tilebuf[tile_buffsize + 2] = 0;

    dst_rowsize = ((imagewidth * bps * spp) + 7) / 8;
    for (row = 0; row < imagelength; row += tl)
    {
        nrow = (row + tl > imagelength) ? imagelength - row : tl;
        for (col = 0; col < imagewidth; col += tw)
        {
            tbytes = TIFFReadTile(in, tilebuf, col, row, 0, 0);
            if (tbytes < tilesize && !ignore)
            {
                TIFFError(TIFFFileName(in),
                          "Error, can't read tile at row %" PRIu32
                          " col %" PRIu32 ", Read %" TIFF_SSIZE_FORMAT
                          " bytes of %" TIFF_SSIZE_FORMAT,
                          col, row, tbytes, tilesize);
                status = 0;
                _TIFFfree(tilebuf);
                return status;
            }

            row_offset = row * dst_rowsize;
            col_offset = ((col * bps * spp) + 7) / 8;
            bufp = buf + row_offset + col_offset;

            if (col + tw > imagewidth)
                ncol = imagewidth - col;
            else
                ncol = tw;

            /* Each tile scanline will start on a byte boundary but it
             * has to be merged into the scanline for the entire
             * image buffer and the previous segment may not have
             * ended on a byte boundary
             */
            /* Optimization for common bit depths, all samples */
            if (((bps % 8) == 0) && (count == spp))
            {
                for (trow = 0; trow < nrow; trow++)
                {
                    src_offset = trow * tile_rowsize;
                    _TIFFmemcpy(bufp, tilebuf + src_offset,
                                (ncol * spp * bps) / 8);
                    bufp += (imagewidth * bps * spp) / 8;
                }
            }
            else
            {
                /* Bit depths not a multiple of 8 and/or extract fewer than spp
                 * samples */
                prev_trailing_bits = trailing_bits = 0;
                trailing_bits = (ncol * bps * spp) % 8;

                /*	for (trow = 0; tl < nrow; trow++) */
                for (trow = 0; trow < nrow; trow++)
                {
                    src_offset = trow * tile_rowsize;
                    src = tilebuf + src_offset;
                    dst_offset = (row + trow) * (tmsize_t)dst_rowsize;
                    dst = buf + dst_offset + col_offset;
                    switch (shift_width)
                    {
                        case 0:
                            if (extractContigSamplesBytes(src, dst, ncol,
                                                          sample, spp, bps,
                                                          count, 0, ncol))
                            {
                                TIFFError("readContigTilesIntoBuffer",
                                          "Unable to extract row %" PRIu32
                                          " from tile %" PRIu32,
                                          row, TIFFCurrentTile(in));
                                return 1;
                            }
                            break;
                        case 1:
                            if (bps == 1)
                            {
                                if (extractContigSamplesShifted8bits(
                                        src, dst, ncol, sample, spp, bps, count,
                                        0, ncol, prev_trailing_bits))
                                {
                                    TIFFError("readContigTilesIntoBuffer",
                                              "Unable to extract row %" PRIu32
                                              " from tile %" PRIu32,
                                              row, TIFFCurrentTile(in));
                                    return 1;
                                }
                                break;
                            }
                            else if (extractContigSamplesShifted16bits(
                                         src, dst, ncol, sample, spp, bps,
                                         count, 0, ncol, prev_trailing_bits))
                            {
                                TIFFError("readContigTilesIntoBuffer",
                                          "Unable to extract row %" PRIu32
                                          " from tile %" PRIu32,
                                          row, TIFFCurrentTile(in));
                                return 1;
                            }
                            break;
                        case 2:
                            if (extractContigSamplesShifted24bits(
                                    src, dst, ncol, sample, spp, bps, count, 0,
                                    ncol, prev_trailing_bits))
                            {
                                TIFFError("readContigTilesIntoBuffer",
                                          "Unable to extract row %" PRIu32
                                          " from tile %" PRIu32,
                                          row, TIFFCurrentTile(in));
                                return 1;
                            }
                            break;
                        case 3:
                        case 4:
                        case 5:
                            if (extractContigSamplesShifted32bits(
                                    src, dst, ncol, sample, spp, bps, count, 0,
                                    ncol, prev_trailing_bits))
                            {
                                TIFFError("readContigTilesIntoBuffer",
                                          "Unable to extract row %" PRIu32
                                          " from tile %" PRIu32,
                                          row, TIFFCurrentTile(in));
                                return 1;
                            }
                            break;
                        default:
                            TIFFError("readContigTilesIntoBuffer",
                                      "Unsupported bit depth %" PRIu16, bps);
                            return 1;
                    }
                }
                prev_trailing_bits += trailing_bits;
                /* if (prev_trailing_bits > 7) */
                /*   prev_trailing_bits-= 8; */
            }
        }
    }

    _TIFFfree(tilebuf);
    return status;
}

static int readSeparateTilesIntoBuffer(TIFF *in, uint8_t *obuf,
                                       uint32_t imagelength,
                                       uint32_t imagewidth, uint32_t tw,
                                       uint32_t tl, uint16_t spp, uint16_t bps)
{
    int i, status = 1, sample;
    int shift_width, bytes_per_pixel;
    uint16_t bytes_per_sample;
    uint32_t row, col;   /* Current row and col of image */
    uint32_t nrow, ncol; /* Number of rows and cols in current tile */
    uint32_t row_offset, col_offset; /* Output buffer offsets */
    tsize_t tbytes = 0, tilesize = TIFFTileSize(in);
    tsample_t s;
    uint8_t *bufp = (uint8_t *)obuf;
    unsigned char *srcbuffs[MAX_SAMPLES];
    unsigned char *tbuff = NULL;

    bytes_per_sample = (bps + 7) / 8;

    for (sample = 0; (sample < spp) && (sample < MAX_SAMPLES); sample++)
    {
        srcbuffs[sample] = NULL;
        tbuff =
            (unsigned char *)limitMalloc(tilesize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);
        if (!tbuff)
        {
            TIFFError("readSeparateTilesIntoBuffer",
                      "Unable to allocate tile read buffer for sample %d",
                      sample);
            for (i = 0; i < sample; i++)
                _TIFFfree(srcbuffs[i]);
            return 0;
        }
        srcbuffs[sample] = tbuff;
    }
    /* Each tile contains only the data for a single plane
     * arranged in scanlines of tw * bytes_per_sample bytes.
     */
    for (row = 0; row < imagelength; row += tl)
    {
        nrow = (row + tl > imagelength) ? imagelength - row : tl;
        for (col = 0; col < imagewidth; col += tw)
        {
            for (s = 0; s < spp && s < MAX_SAMPLES; s++)
            { /* Read each plane of a tile set into srcbuffs[s] */
                tbytes = TIFFReadTile(in, srcbuffs[s], col, row, 0, s);
                if (tbytes < 0 && !ignore)
                {
                    TIFFError(TIFFFileName(in),
                              "Error, can't read tile for row %" PRIu32
                              " col %" PRIu32 ", "
                              "sample %" PRIu16,
                              col, row, s);
                    status = 0;
                    for (sample = 0; (sample < spp) && (sample < MAX_SAMPLES);
                         sample++)
                    {
                        tbuff = srcbuffs[sample];
                        if (tbuff != NULL)
                            _TIFFfree(tbuff);
                    }
                    return status;
                }
            }
            /* Tiles on the right edge may be padded out to tw
             * which must be a multiple of 16.
             * Ncol represents the visible (non padding) portion.
             */
            if (col + tw > imagewidth)
                ncol = imagewidth - col;
            else
                ncol = tw;

            row_offset = row * (((imagewidth * spp * bps) + 7) / 8);
            col_offset = ((col * spp * bps) + 7) / 8;
            bufp = obuf + row_offset + col_offset;

            if ((bps % 8) == 0)
            {
                if (combineSeparateTileSamplesBytes(srcbuffs, bufp, ncol, nrow,
                                                    imagewidth, tw, spp, bps,
                                                    NULL, 0, 0))
                {
                    status = 0;
                    break;
                }
            }
            else
            {
                bytes_per_pixel = ((bps * spp) + 7) / 8;
                if (bytes_per_pixel < (bytes_per_sample + 1))
                    shift_width = bytes_per_pixel;
                else
                    shift_width = bytes_per_sample + 1;

                switch (shift_width)
                {
                    case 1:
                        if (combineSeparateTileSamples8bits(
                                srcbuffs, bufp, ncol, nrow, imagewidth, tw, spp,
                                bps, NULL, 0, 0))
                        {
                            status = 0;
                            break;
                        }
                        break;
                    case 2:
                        if (combineSeparateTileSamples16bits(
                                srcbuffs, bufp, ncol, nrow, imagewidth, tw, spp,
                                bps, NULL, 0, 0))
                        {
                            status = 0;
                            break;
                        }
                        break;
                    case 3:
                        if (combineSeparateTileSamples24bits(
                                srcbuffs, bufp, ncol, nrow, imagewidth, tw, spp,
                                bps, NULL, 0, 0))
                        {
                            status = 0;
                            break;
                        }
                        break;
                    case 4:
                    case 5:
                    case 6:
                    case 7:
                    case 8:
                        if (combineSeparateTileSamples32bits(
                                srcbuffs, bufp, ncol, nrow, imagewidth, tw, spp,
                                bps, NULL, 0, 0))
                        {
                            status = 0;
                            break;
                        }
                        break;
                    default:
                        TIFFError("readSeparateTilesIntoBuffer",
                                  "Unsupported bit depth: %" PRIu16, bps);
                        status = 0;
                        break;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    for (sample = 0; (sample < spp) && (sample < MAX_SAMPLES); sample++)
    {
        tbuff = srcbuffs[sample];
        if (tbuff != NULL)
            _TIFFfree(tbuff);
    }

    return status;
}

static int writeBufferToContigStrips(TIFF *out, uint8_t *buf,
                                     uint32_t imagelength)
{
    uint32_t row, nrows, rowsperstrip;
    tstrip_t strip = 0;
    tsize_t stripsize;

    TIFFGetFieldDefaulted(out, TIFFTAG_ROWSPERSTRIP, &rowsperstrip);
    for (row = 0; row < imagelength; row += rowsperstrip)
    {
        nrows = (row + rowsperstrip > imagelength) ? imagelength - row
                                                   : rowsperstrip;
        stripsize = TIFFVStripSize(out, nrows);
        if (TIFFWriteEncodedStrip(out, strip++, buf, stripsize) < 0)
        {
            TIFFError(TIFFFileName(out), "Error, can't write strip %" PRIu32,
                      strip - 1);
            return 1;
        }
        buf += stripsize;
    }

    return 0;
}

/* Abandon plans to modify code so that plannar orientation separate images
 * do not have all samples for each channel written before all samples
 * for the next channel have been abandoned.
 * Libtiff internals seem to depend on all data for a given sample
 * being contiguous within a strip or tile when PLANAR_CONFIG is
 * separate. All strips or tiles of a given plane are written
 * before any strips or tiles of a different plane are stored.
 */
static int writeBufferToSeparateStrips(TIFF *out, uint8_t *buf, uint32_t length,
                                       uint32_t width, uint16_t spp,
                                       struct dump_opts *dump)
{
    uint8_t *src;
    uint16_t bps;
    uint32_t row, nrows, rowsize, rowsperstrip;
    uint32_t bytes_per_sample;
    tsample_t s;
    tstrip_t strip = 0;
    tsize_t stripsize = TIFFStripSize(out);
    tsize_t rowstripsize, scanlinesize = TIFFScanlineSize(out);
    tdata_t obuf;

    (void)TIFFGetFieldDefaulted(out, TIFFTAG_ROWSPERSTRIP, &rowsperstrip);
    (void)TIFFGetFieldDefaulted(out, TIFFTAG_BITSPERSAMPLE, &bps);
    bytes_per_sample = (bps + 7) / 8;
    if (width == 0 || (uint32_t)bps * (uint32_t)spp > UINT32_MAX / width ||
        bps * spp * width > UINT32_MAX - 7U)
    {
        TIFFError(
            TIFFFileName(out),
            "Error, uint32_t overflow when computing (bps * spp * width) + 7");
        return 1;
    }
    rowsize =
        ((bps * spp * width) + 7U) / 8; /* source has interleaved samples */
    if (bytes_per_sample == 0 || rowsperstrip > UINT32_MAX / bytes_per_sample ||
        rowsperstrip * bytes_per_sample > UINT32_MAX / (width + 1))
    {
        TIFFError(TIFFFileName(out),
                  "Error, uint32_t overflow when computing rowsperstrip * "
                  "bytes_per_sample * (width + 1)");
        return 1;
    }
    rowstripsize = rowsperstrip * bytes_per_sample * (width + 1);

    /* Add 3 padding bytes for extractContigSamples32bits */
    obuf = limitMalloc(rowstripsize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);
    if (obuf == NULL)
        return 1;

    for (s = 0; s < spp; s++)
    {
        for (row = 0; row < length; row += rowsperstrip)
        {
            nrows = (row + rowsperstrip > length) ? length - row : rowsperstrip;

            stripsize = TIFFVStripSize(out, nrows);
            src = buf + (row * rowsize);
            memset(obuf, '\0', rowstripsize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);
            if (extractContigSamplesToBuffer(obuf, src, nrows, width, s, spp,
                                             bps, dump))
            {
                _TIFFfree(obuf);
                return 1;
            }
            if ((dump->outfile != NULL) && (dump->level == 1))
            {
                if ((uint64_t)scanlinesize > 0x0ffffffffULL)
                {
                    dump_info(dump->infile, dump->format, "loadImage",
                              "Attention: scanlinesize %" PRIu64
                              " is larger than UINT32_MAX.\nFollowing dump "
                              "might be wrong.",
                              (uint64_t)scanlinesize);
                }
                dump_info(dump->outfile, dump->format, "",
                          "Sample %2d, Strip: %2d, bytes: %4d, Row %4d, bytes: "
                          "%4d, Input offset: %6d",
                          s + 1, strip + 1, stripsize, row + 1,
                          (uint32_t)scanlinesize, src - buf);
                dump_buffer(dump->outfile, dump->format, nrows,
                            (uint32_t)scanlinesize, row, obuf);
            }

            if (TIFFWriteEncodedStrip(out, strip++, obuf, stripsize) < 0)
            {
                TIFFError(TIFFFileName(out),
                          "Error, can't write strip %" PRIu32, strip - 1);
                _TIFFfree(obuf);
                return 1;
            }
        }
    }

    _TIFFfree(obuf);
    return 0;
}

/* Extract all planes from contiguous buffer into a single tile buffer
 * to be written out as a tile.
 */
static int writeBufferToContigTiles(TIFF *out, uint8_t *buf,
                                    uint32_t imagelength, uint32_t imagewidth,
                                    tsample_t spp, struct dump_opts *dump)
{
    uint16_t bps;
    uint32_t tl, tw;
    uint32_t row, col, nrow, ncol;
    uint32_t src_rowsize, col_offset;
    tmsize_t tile_rowsize = TIFFTileRowSize(out);
    uint8_t *bufp = (uint8_t *)buf;
    tsize_t tile_buffsize = 0;
    tsize_t tilesize = TIFFTileSize(out);
    unsigned char *tilebuf = NULL;

    if (!TIFFGetField(out, TIFFTAG_TILELENGTH, &tl) ||
        !TIFFGetField(out, TIFFTAG_TILEWIDTH, &tw) ||
        !TIFFGetField(out, TIFFTAG_BITSPERSAMPLE, &bps))
        return 1;

    if (tilesize == 0 || tile_rowsize == 0 || tl == 0 || tw == 0)
    {
        TIFFError(
            "writeBufferToContigTiles",
            "Tile size, tile row size, tile width, or tile length is zero");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    tile_buffsize = tilesize;
    if (tilesize < (tsize_t)(tl * tile_rowsize))
    {
#ifdef DEBUG2
        TIFFError("writeBufferToContigTiles",
                  "Tilesize %" PRId64
                  " is too small, using alternate calculation %" PRIu32,
                  tilesize, tl * tile_rowsize);
#endif
        if (tile_rowsize != 0 &&
            (tmsize_t)tl > (TIFF_TMSIZE_T_MAX / tile_rowsize))
        {
            TIFFError("writeBufferToContigTiles",
                      "Integer overflow when calculating buffer size");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
        tile_buffsize = tl * tile_rowsize;
    }

    if (imagewidth == 0 ||
        (uint32_t)bps * (uint32_t)spp > UINT32_MAX / imagewidth ||
        bps * spp * imagewidth > UINT32_MAX - 7U)
    {
        TIFFError(TIFFFileName(out), "Error, uint32_t overflow when computing "
                                     "(imagewidth * bps * spp) + 7");
        return 1;
    }
    src_rowsize = ((imagewidth * spp * bps) + 7U) / 8;

    /* Add 3 padding bytes for extractContigSamples32bits */
    tilebuf = limitMalloc(tile_buffsize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);
    if (tilebuf == 0)
        return 1;
    memset(tilebuf, 0, tile_buffsize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);
    for (row = 0; row < imagelength; row += tl)
    {
        nrow = (row + tl > imagelength) ? imagelength - row : tl;
        for (col = 0; col < imagewidth; col += tw)
        {
            /* Calculate visible portion of tile. */
            if (col + tw > imagewidth)
                ncol = imagewidth - col;
            else
                ncol = tw;

            col_offset = (((col * bps * spp) + 7) / 8);
            bufp = buf + (row * src_rowsize) + col_offset;
            if (extractContigSamplesToTileBuffer(tilebuf, bufp, nrow, ncol,
                                                 imagewidth, tw, 0, spp, spp,
                                                 bps, dump) > 0)
            {
                TIFFError("writeBufferToContigTiles",
                          "Unable to extract data to tile for row %" PRIu32
                          ", col %" PRIu32,
                          row, col);
                _TIFFfree(tilebuf);
                return 1;
            }

            if (TIFFWriteTile(out, tilebuf, col, row, 0, 0) < 0)
            {
                TIFFError("writeBufferToContigTiles",
                          "Cannot write tile at %" PRIu32 " %" PRIu32, col,
                          row);
                _TIFFfree(tilebuf);
                return 1;
            }
        }
    }
    _TIFFfree(tilebuf);

    return 0;
} /* end writeBufferToContigTiles */

/* Extract each plane from contiguous buffer into a single tile buffer
 * to be written out as a tile.
 */
static int writeBufferToSeparateTiles(TIFF *out, uint8_t *buf,
                                      uint32_t imagelength, uint32_t imagewidth,
                                      tsample_t spp, struct dump_opts *dump)
{
    /* Add 3 padding bytes for extractContigSamples32bits */
    tdata_t obuf = limitMalloc(TIFFTileSize(out) + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);
    uint32_t tl, tw;
    uint32_t row, col, nrow, ncol;
    uint32_t src_rowsize, col_offset;
    uint16_t bps;
    tsample_t s;
    uint8_t *bufp = (uint8_t *)buf;

    if (obuf == NULL)
        return 1;
    memset(obuf, 0, TIFFTileSize(out) + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);

    if (!TIFFGetField(out, TIFFTAG_TILELENGTH, &tl) ||
        !TIFFGetField(out, TIFFTAG_TILEWIDTH, &tw) ||
        !TIFFGetField(out, TIFFTAG_BITSPERSAMPLE, &bps))
    {
        _TIFFfree(obuf);
        return 1;
    }

    if (imagewidth == 0 ||
        (uint32_t)bps * (uint32_t)spp > UINT32_MAX / imagewidth ||
        bps * spp * imagewidth > UINT32_MAX - 7)
    {
        TIFFError(TIFFFileName(out), "Error, uint32_t overflow when computing "
                                     "(imagewidth * bps * spp) + 7");
        _TIFFfree(obuf);
        return 1;
    }
    src_rowsize = ((imagewidth * spp * bps) + 7U) / 8;

    for (row = 0; row < imagelength; row += tl)
    {
        nrow = (row + tl > imagelength) ? imagelength - row : tl;
        for (col = 0; col < imagewidth; col += tw)
        {
            /* Calculate visible portion of tile. */
            if (col + tw > imagewidth)
                ncol = imagewidth - col;
            else
                ncol = tw;

            col_offset = (((col * bps * spp) + 7) / 8);
            bufp = buf + (row * src_rowsize) + col_offset;

            for (s = 0; s < spp; s++)
            {
                if (extractContigSamplesToTileBuffer(obuf, bufp, nrow, ncol,
                                                     imagewidth, tw, s, 1, spp,
                                                     bps, dump) > 0)
                {
                    TIFFError("writeBufferToSeparateTiles",
                              "Unable to extract data to tile for row %" PRIu32
                              ", col %" PRIu32 " sample %" PRIu16,
                              row, col, s);
                    _TIFFfree(obuf);
                    return 1;
                }

                if (TIFFWriteTile(out, obuf, col, row, 0, s) < 0)
                {
                    TIFFError("writeBufferToseparateTiles",
                              "Cannot write tile at %" PRIu32 " %" PRIu32
                              " sample %" PRIu16,
                              col, row, s);
                    _TIFFfree(obuf);
                    return 1;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    _TIFFfree(obuf);

    return 0;
} /* end writeBufferToSeparateTiles */

static void processG3Options(char *cp)
{
    if ((cp = strchr(cp, ':')))
    {
        if (defg3opts == (uint32_t)-1)
            defg3opts = 0;
        do
        {
            cp++;
            if (strneq(cp, "1d", 2))
                defg3opts &= ~GROUP3OPT_2DENCODING;
            else if (strneq(cp, "2d", 2))
                defg3opts |= GROUP3OPT_2DENCODING;
            else if (strneq(cp, "fill", 4))
                defg3opts |= GROUP3OPT_FILLBITS;
            else
                usage(EXIT_FAILURE);
        } while ((cp = strchr(cp, ':')));
    }
}

static int processCompressOptions(char *opt)
{
    char *cp = NULL;

    if (strneq(opt, "none", 4))
    {
        defcompression = COMPRESSION_NONE;
    }
    else if (streq(opt, "packbits"))
    {
        defcompression = COMPRESSION_PACKBITS;
    }
    else if (strneq(opt, "jpeg", 4))
    {
        cp = strchr(opt, ':');
        defcompression = COMPRESSION_JPEG;

        while (cp)
        {
            if (isdigit((int)cp[1]))
                quality = atoi(cp + 1);
            else if (strneq(cp + 1, "raw", 3))
                jpegcolormode = JPEGCOLORMODE_RAW;
/* libjpeg does not support colorspace conversion to RGB
            else if (strneq(cp + 1, "rgb", 3))
                jpegcolormode = JPEGCOLORMODE_RGB;
*/
            else
                usage(EXIT_FAILURE);
            cp = strchr(cp + 1, ':');
        }
    }
    else if (strneq(opt, "g3", 2))
    {
        processG3Options(opt);
        defcompression = COMPRESSION_CCITTFAX3;
    }
    else if (streq(opt, "g4"))
    {
        defcompression = COMPRESSION_CCITTFAX4;
    }
    else if (strneq(opt, "lzw", 3))
    {
        cp = strchr(opt, ':');
        if (cp)
            defpredictor = atoi(cp + 1);
        defcompression = COMPRESSION_LZW;
    }
    else if (strneq(opt, "zip", 3))
    {
        cp = strchr(opt, ':');
        if (cp)
            defpredictor = atoi(cp + 1);
        defcompression = COMPRESSION_ADOBE_DEFLATE;
    }
    else
        return (0);

    return (1);
}

static void usage(int code)
{
    FILE *out = (code == EXIT_SUCCESS) ? stdout : stderr;

    fprintf(out, "\n%s\n\n", TIFFGetVersion());
    fprintf(out, "%s", usage_info);
    exit(code);
}

#define CopyField(tag, v)                                                      \
    if (TIFFGetField(in, tag, &v))                                             \
    TIFFSetField(out, tag, v)
#define CopyField2(tag, v1, v2)                                                \
    if (TIFFGetField(in, tag, &v1, &v2))                                       \
    TIFFSetField(out, tag, v1, v2)
#define CopyField3(tag, v1, v2, v3)                                            \
    if (TIFFGetField(in, tag, &v1, &v2, &v3))                                  \
    TIFFSetField(out, tag, v1, v2, v3)
#define CopyField4(tag, v1, v2, v3, v4)                                        \
    if (TIFFGetField(in, tag, &v1, &v2, &v3, &v4))                             \
    TIFFSetField(out, tag, v1, v2, v3, v4)

static void cpTag(TIFF *in, TIFF *out, uint16_t tag, uint16_t count,
                  TIFFDataType type)
{
    switch (type)
    {
        case TIFF_SHORT:
            if (count == 1)
            {
                uint16_t shortv;
                CopyField(tag, shortv);
            }
            else if (count == 2)
            {
                uint16_t shortv1, shortv2;
                CopyField2(tag, shortv1, shortv2);
            }
            else if (count == 4)
            {
                uint16_t *tr, *tg, *tb, *ta;
                CopyField4(tag, tr, tg, tb, ta);
            }
            else if (count == (uint16_t)-1)
            {
                uint16_t shortv1;
                uint16_t *shortav;
                CopyField2(tag, shortv1, shortav);
            }
            break;
        case TIFF_LONG:
        {
            uint32_t longv;
            CopyField(tag, longv);
        }
        break;
        case TIFF_RATIONAL:
            if (count == 1)
            {
                float floatv;
                CopyField(tag, floatv);
            }
            else if (count == (uint16_t)-1)
            {
                float *floatav;
                CopyField(tag, floatav);
            }
            break;
        case TIFF_ASCII:
        {
            char *stringv;
            CopyField(tag, stringv);
        }
        break;
        case TIFF_DOUBLE:
            if (count == 1)
            {
                double doublev;
                CopyField(tag, doublev);
            }
            else if (count == (uint16_t)-1)
            {
                double *doubleav;
                CopyField(tag, doubleav);
            }
            break;
        default:
            TIFFError(TIFFFileName(in),
                      "Data type %" PRIu16 " is not supported, tag %d skipped",
                      tag, type);
    }
}

static const struct cpTag
{
    uint16_t tag;
    uint16_t count;
    TIFFDataType type;
} tags[] = {
    {TIFFTAG_SUBFILETYPE, 1, TIFF_LONG},
    {TIFFTAG_THRESHHOLDING, 1, TIFF_SHORT},
    {TIFFTAG_DOCUMENTNAME, 1, TIFF_ASCII},
    {TIFFTAG_IMAGEDESCRIPTION, 1, TIFF_ASCII},
    {TIFFTAG_MAKE, 1, TIFF_ASCII},
    {TIFFTAG_MODEL, 1, TIFF_ASCII},
    {TIFFTAG_MINSAMPLEVALUE, 1, TIFF_SHORT},
    {TIFFTAG_MAXSAMPLEVALUE, 1, TIFF_SHORT},
    {TIFFTAG_XRESOLUTION, 1, TIFF_RATIONAL},
    {TIFFTAG_YRESOLUTION, 1, TIFF_RATIONAL},
    {TIFFTAG_PAGENAME, 1, TIFF_ASCII},
    {TIFFTAG_XPOSITION, 1, TIFF_RATIONAL},
    {TIFFTAG_YPOSITION, 1, TIFF_RATIONAL},
    {TIFFTAG_RESOLUTIONUNIT, 1, TIFF_SHORT},
    {TIFFTAG_SOFTWARE, 1, TIFF_ASCII},
    {TIFFTAG_DATETIME, 1, TIFF_ASCII},
    {TIFFTAG_ARTIST, 1, TIFF_ASCII},
    {TIFFTAG_HOSTCOMPUTER, 1, TIFF_ASCII},
    {TIFFTAG_WHITEPOINT, (uint16_t)-1, TIFF_RATIONAL},
    {TIFFTAG_PRIMARYCHROMATICITIES, (uint16_t)-1, TIFF_RATIONAL},
    {TIFFTAG_HALFTONEHINTS, 2, TIFF_SHORT},
    {TIFFTAG_INKSET, 1, TIFF_SHORT},
    {TIFFTAG_DOTRANGE, 2, TIFF_SHORT},
    {TIFFTAG_TARGETPRINTER, 1, TIFF_ASCII},
    {TIFFTAG_SAMPLEFORMAT, 1, TIFF_SHORT},
    {TIFFTAG_YCBCRCOEFFICIENTS, (uint16_t)-1, TIFF_RATIONAL},
    {TIFFTAG_YCBCRSUBSAMPLING, 2, TIFF_SHORT},
    {TIFFTAG_YCBCRPOSITIONING, 1, TIFF_SHORT},
    {TIFFTAG_REFERENCEBLACKWHITE, (uint16_t)-1, TIFF_RATIONAL},
    {TIFFTAG_EXTRASAMPLES, (uint16_t)-1, TIFF_SHORT},
    {TIFFTAG_SMINSAMPLEVALUE, 1, TIFF_DOUBLE},
    {TIFFTAG_SMAXSAMPLEVALUE, 1, TIFF_DOUBLE},
    {TIFFTAG_STONITS, 1, TIFF_DOUBLE},
};
#define NTAGS (sizeof(tags) / sizeof(tags[0]))

#define CopyTag(tag, count, type) cpTag(in, out, tag, count, type)

/* Functions written by Richard Nolde, with exceptions noted. */
void process_command_opts(int argc, char *argv[], char *mp, char *mode,
                          uint32_t *dirnum, uint16_t *defconfig,
                          uint16_t *deffillorder, uint32_t *deftilewidth,
                          uint32_t *deftilelength, uint32_t *defrowsperstrip,
                          struct crop_mask *crop_data, struct pagedef *page,
                          struct dump_opts *dump, unsigned int *imagelist,
                          unsigned int *image_count)
{
    int c, good_args = 0;
    char *opt_offset = NULL; /* Position in string of value sought */
    char *opt_ptr = NULL;    /* Pointer to next token in option set */
    char *sep = NULL;        /* Pointer to a token separator */
    unsigned int i, j, start, end;
#if !HAVE_DECL_OPTARG
    extern int optind;
    extern char *optarg;
#endif

    *mp++ = 'w';
    *mp = '\0';
    while ((c = getopt(argc, argv,
                       "ac:d:e:f:hik:l:m:p:r:stvw:z:BCD:E:F:H:I:J:K:LMN:O:P:R:"
                       "S:U:V:X:Y:Z:")) != -1)
    {
        good_args++;
        switch (c)
        {
            case 'a':
                mode[0] = 'a'; /* append to output */
                break;
            case 'c':
                if (!processCompressOptions(optarg)) /* compression scheme */
                {
                    TIFFError("Unknown compression option", "%s", optarg);
                    TIFFError("For valid options type", "tiffcrop -h");
                    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
                break;
            case 'd':
                start = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0); /* initial IFD offset */
                if (start == 0)
                {
                    TIFFError("", "Directory offset must be greater than zero");
                    TIFFError("For valid options type", "tiffcrop -h");
                    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
                *dirnum = start - 1;
                break;
            case 'e':
                switch (tolower((int)optarg[0])) /* image export modes*/
                {
                    case 'c':
                        crop_data->exp_mode = ONE_FILE_COMPOSITE;
                        crop_data->img_mode = COMPOSITE_IMAGES;
                        break; /* Composite */
                    case 'd':
                        crop_data->exp_mode = ONE_FILE_SEPARATED;
                        crop_data->img_mode = SEPARATED_IMAGES;
                        break; /* Divided */
                    case 'i':
                        crop_data->exp_mode = FILE_PER_IMAGE_COMPOSITE;
                        crop_data->img_mode = COMPOSITE_IMAGES;
                        break; /* Image */
                    case 'm':
                        crop_data->exp_mode = FILE_PER_IMAGE_SEPARATED;
                        crop_data->img_mode = SEPARATED_IMAGES;
                        break; /* Multiple */
                    case 's':
                        crop_data->exp_mode = FILE_PER_SELECTION;
                        crop_data->img_mode = SEPARATED_IMAGES;
                        break; /* Sections */
                    default:
                        TIFFError("Unknown export mode", "%s", optarg);
                        TIFFError("For valid options type", "tiffcrop -h");
                        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
                break;
            case 'f':
                if (streq(optarg, "lsb2msb")) /* fill order */
                    *deffillorder = FILLORDER_LSB2MSB;
                else if (streq(optarg, "msb2lsb"))
                    *deffillorder = FILLORDER_MSB2LSB;
                else
                {
                    TIFFError("Unknown fill order", "%s", optarg);
                    TIFFError("For valid options type", "tiffcrop -h");
                    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
                break;
            case 'h':
                usage(EXIT_SUCCESS);
                break;
            case 'i':
                ignore = TRUE; /* ignore errors */
                break;
            case 'k':
                maxMalloc = (tmsize_t)strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0) << 20;
                break;
            case 'l':
                outtiled = TRUE; /* tile length */
                *deftilelength = atoi(optarg);
                break;
            case 'p': /* planar configuration */
                if (streq(optarg, "separate"))
                    *defconfig = PLANARCONFIG_SEPARATE;
                else if (streq(optarg, "contig"))
                    *defconfig = PLANARCONFIG_CONTIG;
                else
                {
                    TIFFError("Unknown planar configuration", "%s", optarg);
                    TIFFError("For valid options type", "tiffcrop -h");
                    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
                break;
            case 'r': /* rows/strip */
                *defrowsperstrip = atol(optarg);
                break;
            case 's': /* generate stripped output */
                outtiled = FALSE;
                break;
            case 't': /* generate tiled output */
                outtiled = TRUE;
                break;
            case 'v':
                printf("Library Release: %s\n", TIFFGetVersion());
                printf("Tiffcp code: Copyright (c) 1988-1997 Sam Leffler\n");
                printf("           : Copyright (c) 1991-1997 Silicon Graphics, "
                       "Inc\n");
                printf("Tiffcrop additions: Copyright (c) 2007-2010 Richard "
                       "Nolde\n");
                exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
                break;
            case 'w': /* tile width */
                outtiled = TRUE;
                *deftilewidth = atoi(optarg);
                break;
            case 'z': /* regions of an image specified as
                         x1,y1,x2,y2:x3,y3,x4,y4 etc */
                crop_data->crop_mode |= CROP_REGIONS;
                for (i = 0, opt_ptr = strtok(optarg, ":");
                     ((opt_ptr != NULL) && (i < MAX_REGIONS));
                     (opt_ptr = strtok(NULL, ":")), i++)
                {
                    crop_data->regions++;
                    if (sscanf(opt_ptr, "%lf,%lf,%lf,%lf",
                               &crop_data->corners[i].X1,
                               &crop_data->corners[i].Y1,
                               &crop_data->corners[i].X2,
                               &crop_data->corners[i].Y2) != 4)
                    {
                        TIFFError("Unable to parse coordinates for region",
                                  "%u %s", i, optarg);
                        TIFFError("For valid options type", "tiffcrop -h");
                        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                    }
                }
                /*  check for remaining elements over MAX_REGIONS */
                if ((opt_ptr != NULL) && (i >= MAX_REGIONS))
                {
                    TIFFError("Region list exceeds limit of", "%d regions %s",
                              MAX_REGIONS, optarg);
                    TIFFError("For valid options type", "tiffcrop -h");
                    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
                break;
                /* options for file open modes */
            case 'B':
            {
                if (mp < mode + MAX_MODESTRING_LEN)
                {
                    *mp++ = 'b';
                    *mp = '\0';
                }
                else
                {
                    TIFFError("To many options for output file open modes. "
                              "Maximum allowed ",
                              "%d", MAX_MODESTRING_LEN);
                    TIFFError("For valid options type", "tiffcrop -h");
                    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
            }
            break;
            case 'L':
            {
                if (mp < mode + MAX_MODESTRING_LEN)
                {
                    *mp++ = 'l';
                    *mp = '\0';
                }
                else
                {
                    TIFFError("To many options for output file open modes. "
                              "Maximum allowed ",
                              "%d", MAX_MODESTRING_LEN);
                    TIFFError("For valid options type", "tiffcrop -h");
                    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
            }
            break;
            case 'M':
            {
                if (mp < mode + MAX_MODESTRING_LEN)
                {
                    *mp++ = 'm';
                    *mp = '\0';
                }
                else
                {
                    TIFFError("To many options for output file open modes. "
                              "Maximum allowed ",
                              "%d", MAX_MODESTRING_LEN);
                    TIFFError("For valid options type", "tiffcrop -h");
                    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
            }
            break;
            case 'C':
            {
                if (mp < mode + MAX_MODESTRING_LEN)
                {
                    *mp++ = 'c';
                    *mp = '\0';
                }
                else
                {
                    TIFFError("To many options for output file open modes. "
                              "Maximum allowed ",
                              "%d", MAX_MODESTRING_LEN);
                    TIFFError("For valid options type", "tiffcrop -h");
                    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
            }
            break;
            /* options for Debugging / data dump */
            case 'D':
                for (i = 0, opt_ptr = strtok(optarg, ","); (opt_ptr != NULL);
                     (opt_ptr = strtok(NULL, ",")), i++)
                {
                    opt_offset = strpbrk(opt_ptr, ":=");
                    if (opt_offset == NULL)
                    {
                        TIFFError("Invalid dump option", "%s", optarg);
                        TIFFError("For valid options type", "tiffcrop -h");
                        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                    }

                    *opt_offset = '\0';
                    /* convert option to lowercase */
                    end = (unsigned int)strlen(opt_ptr);
                    for (i = 0; i < end; i++)
                        *(opt_ptr + i) = tolower((int)*(opt_ptr + i));
                    /* Look for dump format specification */
                    if (strncmp(opt_ptr, "for", 3) == 0)
                    {
                        /* convert value to lowercase */
                        end = (unsigned int)strlen(opt_offset + 1);
                        for (i = 1; i <= end; i++)
                            *(opt_offset + i) = tolower((int)*(opt_offset + i));
                        /* check dump format value */
                        if (strncmp(opt_offset + 1, "txt", 3) == 0)
                        {
                            dump->format = DUMP_TEXT;
                            strcpy(dump->mode, "w");
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            if (strncmp(opt_offset + 1, "raw", 3) == 0)
                            {
                                dump->format = DUMP_RAW;
                                strcpy(dump->mode, "wb");
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                TIFFError("parse_command_opts",
                                          "Unknown dump format %s",
                                          opt_offset + 1);
                                TIFFError("For valid options type",
                                          "tiffcrop -h");
                                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    { /* Look for dump level specification */
                        if (strncmp(opt_ptr, "lev", 3) == 0)
                            dump->level = atoi(opt_offset + 1);
                        /* Look for input data dump file name */
                        if (strncmp(opt_ptr, "in", 2) == 0)
                        {
                            strncpy(dump->infilename, opt_offset + 1,
                                    PATH_MAX - 20);
                            dump->infilename[PATH_MAX - 20] = '\0';
                        }
                        /* Look for output data dump file name */
                        if (strncmp(opt_ptr, "out", 3) == 0)
                        {
                            strncpy(dump->outfilename, opt_offset + 1,
                                    PATH_MAX - 20);
                            dump->outfilename[PATH_MAX - 20] = '\0';
                        }
                        if (strncmp(opt_ptr, "deb", 3) == 0)
                            dump->debug = atoi(opt_offset + 1);
                    }
                }
                if ((strlen(dump->infilename)) || (strlen(dump->outfilename)))
                {
                    if (dump->level == 1)
                        TIFFError("", "Defaulting to dump level 1, no data.");
                    if (dump->format == DUMP_NONE)
                    {
                        TIFFError(
                            "",
                            "You must specify a dump format for dump files");
                        TIFFError("For valid options type", "tiffcrop -h");
                        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                    }
                }
                break;

            /* image manipulation routine options */
            case 'm': /* margins to exclude from selection, uppercase M was
                         already used */
                /* order of values must be TOP, LEFT, BOTTOM, RIGHT */
                crop_data->crop_mode |= CROP_MARGINS;
                for (i = 0, opt_ptr = strtok(optarg, ",:");
                     ((opt_ptr != NULL) && (i < 4));
                     (opt_ptr = strtok(NULL, ",:")), i++)
                {
                    crop_data->margins[i] = atof(opt_ptr);
                }
                break;
            case 'E': /* edge reference */
                switch (tolower((int)optarg[0]))
                {
                    case 't':
                        crop_data->edge_ref = EDGE_TOP;
                        break;
                    case 'b':
                        crop_data->edge_ref = EDGE_BOTTOM;
                        break;
                    case 'l':
                        crop_data->edge_ref = EDGE_LEFT;
                        break;
                    case 'r':
                        crop_data->edge_ref = EDGE_RIGHT;
                        break;
                    default:
                        TIFFError("Edge reference must be top, bottom, left, "
                                  "or right",
                                  "%s", optarg);
                        TIFFError("For valid options type", "tiffcrop -h");
                        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
                break;
            case 'F': /* flip eg mirror image or cropped segment, M was already
                         used */
                crop_data->crop_mode |= CROP_MIRROR;
                switch (tolower((int)optarg[0]))
                {
                    case 'h':
                        crop_data->mirror = MIRROR_HORIZ;
                        break;
                    case 'v':
                        crop_data->mirror = MIRROR_VERT;
                        break;
                    case 'b':
                        crop_data->mirror = MIRROR_BOTH;
                        break;
                    default:
                        TIFFError("Flip mode must be horiz, vert, or both",
                                  "%s", optarg);
                        TIFFError("For valid options type", "tiffcrop -h");
                        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
                break;
            case 'H': /* set horizontal resolution to new value */
                page->hres = atof(optarg);
                page->mode |= PAGE_MODE_RESOLUTION;
                break;
            case 'I': /* invert the color space, eg black to white */
                crop_data->crop_mode |= CROP_INVERT;
                /* The PHOTOMETIC_INTERPRETATION tag may be updated */
                if (streq(optarg, "black"))
                {
                    crop_data->photometric = PHOTOMETRIC_MINISBLACK;
                    continue;
                }
                if (streq(optarg, "white"))
                {
                    crop_data->photometric = PHOTOMETRIC_MINISWHITE;
                    continue;
                }
                if (streq(optarg, "data"))
                {
                    crop_data->photometric = INVERT_DATA_ONLY;
                    continue;
                }
                if (streq(optarg, "both"))
                {
                    crop_data->photometric = INVERT_DATA_AND_TAG;
                    continue;
                }

                TIFFError("Missing or unknown option for inverting "
                          "PHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION",
                          "%s", optarg);
                TIFFError("For valid options type", "tiffcrop -h");
                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                break;
            case 'J': /* horizontal margin for sectioned output pages */
                page->hmargin = atof(optarg);
                page->mode |= PAGE_MODE_MARGINS;
                break;
            case 'K': /* vertical margin for sectioned output pages*/
                page->vmargin = atof(optarg);
                page->mode |= PAGE_MODE_MARGINS;
                break;
            case 'N': /* list of images to process */
                for (i = 0, opt_ptr = strtok(optarg, ",");
                     ((opt_ptr != NULL) && (i < MAX_IMAGES));
                     (opt_ptr = strtok(NULL, ",")))
                { /* We do not know how many images are in file yet
                   * so we build a list to include the maximum allowed
                   * and follow it until we hit the end of the file.
                   * Image count is not accurate for odd, even, last
                   * so page numbers won't be valid either.
                   */
                    if (streq(opt_ptr, "odd"))
                    {
                        for (j = 1; j <= MAX_IMAGES; j += 2)
                            imagelist[i++] = j;
                        *image_count = (MAX_IMAGES - 1) / 2;
                        break;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if (streq(opt_ptr, "even"))
                        {
                            for (j = 2; j <= MAX_IMAGES; j += 2)
                                imagelist[i++] = j;
                            *image_count = MAX_IMAGES / 2;
                            break;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            if (streq(opt_ptr, "last"))
                                imagelist[i++] = MAX_IMAGES;
                            else /* single value between commas */
                            {
                                sep = strpbrk(opt_ptr, ":-");
                                if (!sep)
                                    imagelist[i++] = atoi(opt_ptr);
                                else
                                {
                                    *sep = '\0';
                                    start = atoi(opt_ptr);
                                    if (!strcmp((sep + 1), "last"))
                                        end = MAX_IMAGES;
                                    else
                                        end = atoi(sep + 1);
                                    for (j = start;
                                         j <= end && j - start + i < MAX_IMAGES;
                                         j++)
                                        imagelist[i++] = j;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                *image_count = i;
                break;
            case 'O': /* page orientation */
                switch (tolower((int)optarg[0]))
                {
                    case 'a':
                        page->orient = ORIENTATION_AUTO;
                        break;
                    case 'p':
                        page->orient = ORIENTATION_PORTRAIT;
                        break;
                    case 'l':
                        page->orient = ORIENTATION_LANDSCAPE;
                        break;
                    default:
                        TIFFError(
                            "Orientation must be portrait, landscape, or auto.",
                            "%s", optarg);
                        TIFFError("For valid options type", "tiffcrop -h");
                        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
                break;
            case 'P': /* page size selection */
                if (sscanf(optarg, "%lfx%lf", &page->width, &page->length) == 2)
                {
                    strcpy(page->name, "Custom");
                    page->mode |= PAGE_MODE_PAPERSIZE;
                    break;
                }
                if (get_page_geometry(optarg, page))
                {
                    if (!strcmp(optarg, "list"))
                    {
                        TIFFError("",
                                  "Name            Width   Length (in inches)");
                        for (i = 0; i < MAX_PAPERNAMES - 1; i++)
                            TIFFError("", "%-15.15s %5.2f   %5.2f",
                                      PaperTable[i].name, PaperTable[i].width,
                                      PaperTable[i].length);
                        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                    }

                    TIFFError("Invalid paper size", "%s", optarg);
                    TIFFError("", "Select one of:");
                    TIFFError("", "Name            Width   Length (in inches)");
                    for (i = 0; i < MAX_PAPERNAMES - 1; i++)
                        TIFFError("", "%-15.15s %5.2f   %5.2f",
                                  PaperTable[i].name, PaperTable[i].width,
                                  PaperTable[i].length);
                    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
                else
                {
                    page->mode |= PAGE_MODE_PAPERSIZE;
                }
                break;
            case 'R': /* rotate image or cropped segment */
                crop_data->crop_mode |= CROP_ROTATE;
                switch (strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0))
                {
                    case 90:
                        crop_data->rotation = (uint16_t)90;
                        break;
                    case 180:
                        crop_data->rotation = (uint16_t)180;
                        break;
                    case 270:
                        crop_data->rotation = (uint16_t)270;
                        break;
                    default:
                        TIFFError("Rotation must be 90, 180, or 270 degrees "
                                  "clockwise",
                                  "%s", optarg);
                        TIFFError("For valid options type", "tiffcrop -h");
                        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
                break;
            case 'S': /* subdivide into Cols:Rows sections, eg 3:2 would be 3
                         across and 2 down */
                sep = strpbrk(optarg, ",:");
                if (sep)
                {
                    *sep = '\0';
                    page->cols = atoi(optarg);
                    page->rows = atoi(sep + 1);
                }
                else
                {
                    page->cols = atoi(optarg);
                    page->rows = atoi(optarg);
                }
                if ((page->cols * page->rows) > MAX_SECTIONS)
                {
                    TIFFError(
                        "Limit for subdivisions, ie rows x columns, exceeded",
                        "%d", MAX_SECTIONS);
                    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
                if ((page->cols * page->rows) < 1)
                {
                    TIFFError("No subdivisions", "%d", (page->cols * page->rows));
                    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
                page->mode |= PAGE_MODE_ROWSCOLS;
                break;
            case 'U': /* units for measurements and offsets */
                if (streq(optarg, "in"))
                {
                    crop_data->res_unit = RESUNIT_INCH;
                    page->res_unit = RESUNIT_INCH;
                }
                else if (streq(optarg, "cm"))
                {
                    crop_data->res_unit = RESUNIT_CENTIMETER;
                    page->res_unit = RESUNIT_CENTIMETER;
                }
                else if (streq(optarg, "px"))
                {
                    crop_data->res_unit = RESUNIT_NONE;
                    page->res_unit = RESUNIT_NONE;
                }
                else
                {
                    TIFFError("Illegal unit of measure", "%s", optarg);
                    TIFFError("For valid options type", "tiffcrop -h");
                    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
                break;
            case 'V': /* set vertical resolution to new value */
                page->vres = atof(optarg);
                page->mode |= PAGE_MODE_RESOLUTION;
                break;
            case 'X': /* selection width */
                crop_data->crop_mode |= CROP_WIDTH;
                crop_data->width = atof(optarg);
                break;
            case 'Y': /* selection length */
                crop_data->crop_mode |= CROP_LENGTH;
                crop_data->length = atof(optarg);
                break;
            case 'Z': /* zones of an image X:Y read as zone X of Y */
                crop_data->crop_mode |= CROP_ZONES;
                for (i = 0, opt_ptr = strtok(optarg, ",");
                     ((opt_ptr != NULL) && (i < MAX_REGIONS));
                     (opt_ptr = strtok(NULL, ",")), i++)
                {
                    crop_data->zones++;
                    opt_offset = strchr(opt_ptr, ':');
                    if (!opt_offset)
                    {
                        TIFFError("Wrong parameter syntax for -Z",
                                  "tiffcrop -h");
                        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                    }
                    *opt_offset = '\0';
                    crop_data->zonelist[i].position = atoi(opt_ptr);
                    crop_data->zonelist[i].total = atoi(opt_offset + 1);
                }
                /*  check for remaining elements over MAX_REGIONS */
                if ((opt_ptr != NULL) && (i >= MAX_REGIONS))
                {
                    TIFFError("Zone list exceeds region limit", "%d",
                              MAX_REGIONS);
                    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
                break;
            case '?':
                TIFFError("For valid options type", "tiffcrop -h");
                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                /*NOTREACHED*/
        }
    }
    /*-- Check for not allowed combinations (e.g. -X, -Y and -Z, -z and -S are
     * mutually exclusive) --*/
    char XY, Z, R, S;
    XY = ((crop_data->crop_mode & CROP_WIDTH) ||
          (crop_data->crop_mode & CROP_LENGTH))
             ? 1
             : 0;
    Z = (crop_data->crop_mode & CROP_ZONES) ? 1 : 0;
    R = (crop_data->crop_mode & CROP_REGIONS) ? 1 : 0;
    S = (page->mode & PAGE_MODE_ROWSCOLS) ? 1 : 0;
    if (XY + Z + R + S > 1)
    {
        TIFFError("tiffcrop input error", "The crop options(-X|-Y), -Z, -z and "
                                          "-S are mutually exclusive.->exit");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    /* Check for not allowed combination:
     * Any of the -X, -Y, -Z and -z options together with other PAGE_MODE_x
options
     * such as -H, -V, -P, -J or -K are not supported and may cause buffer
overflows.
.    */
    if ((XY + Z + R > 0) && page->mode != PAGE_MODE_NONE)
    {
        TIFFError("tiffcrop input error",
                  "Any of the crop options -X, -Y, -Z and -z together with "
                  "other PAGE_MODE_x options such as - H, -V, -P, -J or -K is "
                  "not supported and may cause buffer overflows..->exit");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

} /* end process_command_opts */

/* Start a new output file if one has not been previously opened or
 * autoindex is set to non-zero. Update page and file counters
 * so TIFFTAG PAGENUM will be correct in image.
 */
static int update_output_file(TIFF **tiffout, char *mode, int autoindex,
                              char *outname, unsigned int *page)
{
    static int findex = 0; /* file sequence indicator */
    size_t basename_len;
    char *sep;
    char export_ext[16];
    char exportname[PATH_MAX];

    if (autoindex && (*tiffout != NULL))
    {
        /* Close any export file that was previously opened */
        TIFFClose(*tiffout);
        *tiffout = NULL;
    }

    memcpy(export_ext, ".tiff", 6);
    memset(exportname, '\0', sizeof(exportname));

/* Leave room for page number portion of the new filename :
 * hyphen + 6 digits + dot + 4 extension characters + null terminator */
#define FILENUM_MAX_LENGTH (1 + 6 + 1 + 4 + 1)
    strncpy(exportname, outname, sizeof(exportname) - FILENUM_MAX_LENGTH);
    if (*tiffout == NULL) /* This is a new export file */
    {
        if (autoindex)
        { /* create a new filename for each export */
            findex++;
            if ((sep = strstr(exportname, ".tif")) ||
                (sep = strstr(exportname, ".TIF")))
            {
                strncpy(export_ext, sep, 5);
                *sep = '\0';
            }
            else
                memcpy(export_ext, ".tiff", 5);
            export_ext[5] = '\0';
            basename_len = strlen(exportname);

            /* MAX_EXPORT_PAGES limited to 6 digits to prevent string overflow
             * of pathname */
            if (findex > MAX_EXPORT_PAGES)
            {
                TIFFError("update_output_file",
                          "Maximum of %d pages per file exceeded",
                          MAX_EXPORT_PAGES);
                return 1;
            }

            /* We previously assured that there will be space left */
            snprintf(exportname + basename_len,
                     sizeof(exportname) - basename_len, "-%03d%.5s", findex,
                     export_ext);
        }
        exportname[sizeof(exportname) - 1] = '\0';

        TIFFOpenOptions *opts = TIFFOpenOptionsAlloc();
        if (opts == NULL)
        {
            return 1;
        }
        TIFFOpenOptionsSetMaxSingleMemAlloc(opts, maxMalloc);
        *tiffout = TIFFOpenExt(exportname, mode, opts);
        TIFFOpenOptionsFree(opts);
        if (*tiffout == NULL)
        {
            TIFFError("update_output_file", "Unable to open output file %s",
                      exportname);
            return 1;
        }
        *page = 0;

        return 0;
    }
    else
        (*page)++;

    return 0;
} /* end update_output_file */

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{

#if !HAVE_DECL_OPTARG
    extern int optind;
#endif
    uint16_t defconfig = (uint16_t)-1;
    uint16_t deffillorder = 0;
    uint32_t deftilewidth = (uint32_t)0;
    uint32_t deftilelength = (uint32_t)0;
    uint32_t defrowsperstrip = (uint32_t)0;
    uint32_t dirnum = 0;

    TIFF *in = NULL;
    TIFF *out = NULL;
    char mode[10];
    char *mp = mode;

    /** RJN additions **/
    struct image_data image; /* Image parameters for one image */
    struct crop_mask crop;   /* Cropping parameters for all images */
    struct pagedef page;     /* Page definition for output pages */
    struct pageseg sections[MAX_SECTIONS]; /* Sections of one output page */
    struct buffinfo
        seg_buffs[MAX_SECTIONS];     /* Segment buffer sizes and pointers */
    struct dump_opts dump;           /* Data dump options */
    unsigned char *read_buff = NULL; /* Input image data buffer */
    unsigned char *crop_buff = NULL; /* Crop area buffer */
    unsigned char *sect_buff = NULL; /* Image section buffer */
    unsigned char *sect_src = NULL;  /* Image section buffer pointer */
    unsigned int imagelist[MAX_IMAGES + 1]; /* individually specified images */
    unsigned int image_count = 0;
    unsigned int dump_images = 0;
    unsigned int next_image = 0;
    unsigned int next_page = 0;
    unsigned int total_pages = 0;
    unsigned int total_images = 0;
    unsigned int end_of_input = FALSE;
    int seg;
    size_t length;
    char temp_filename[PATH_MAX + 16]; /* Extra space keeps the compiler from
                                          complaining */

    assert(NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES >= 3);

    little_endian = *((unsigned char *)&little_endian) & '1';

    initImageData(&image);
    initCropMasks(&crop);
    initPageSetup(&page, sections, seg_buffs);
    initDumpOptions(&dump);

    process_command_opts(argc, argv, mp, mode, &dirnum, &defconfig,
                         &deffillorder, &deftilewidth, &deftilelength,
                         &defrowsperstrip, &crop, &page, &dump, imagelist,
                         &image_count);

    if (argc - optind < 2)
        usage(EXIT_FAILURE);

    if ((argc - optind) == 2)
        pageNum = -1;
    else
        total_images = 0;
    /* Read multiple input files and write to output file(s) */
    while (optind < argc - 1)
    {

        TIFFOpenOptions *opts = TIFFOpenOptionsAlloc();
        if (opts == NULL)
        {
            return -3;
        }
        TIFFOpenOptionsSetMaxSingleMemAlloc(opts, maxMalloc);
        in = TIFFOpenExt(argv[optind], "r", opts);
        TIFFOpenOptionsFree(opts);
        if (in == NULL)
            return (-3);

        /* If only one input file is specified, we can use directory count */
        total_images = TIFFNumberOfDirectories(in);
        if (total_images > TIFF_DIR_MAX)
        {
            TIFFError(TIFFFileName(in), "File contains too many directories");
            if (out != NULL)
                (void)TIFFClose(out);
            return (1);
        }
        if (image_count == 0)
        {
            dirnum = 0;
            total_pages = total_images; /* Only valid with single input file */
        }
        else
        {
            dirnum = (tdir_t)(imagelist[next_image] - 1);
            next_image++;

            /* Total pages only valid for enumerated list of pages not derived
             * using odd, even, or last keywords.
             */
            if (image_count > total_images)
                image_count = total_images;

            total_pages = image_count;
        }

        /* MAX_IMAGES is used for special case "last" in selection list */
        if (dirnum == (MAX_IMAGES - 1))
            dirnum = total_images - 1;

        if (dirnum > (total_images))
        {
            TIFFError(TIFFFileName(in),
                      "Invalid image number %" PRIu32
                      ", File contains only %" PRIu32 " images",
                      dirnum + 1u, total_images);
            if (out != NULL)
                (void)TIFFClose(out);
            return (1);
        }

        if (dirnum != 0 && !TIFFSetDirectory(in, (tdir_t)dirnum))
        {
            TIFFError(TIFFFileName(in),
                      "Error, setting subdirectory at %" PRIu32, dirnum);
            if (out != NULL)
                (void)TIFFClose(out);
            return (1);
        }

        end_of_input = FALSE;
        while (end_of_input == FALSE)
        {
            config = defconfig;
            compression = defcompression;
            predictor = defpredictor;
            fillorder = deffillorder;
            rowsperstrip = defrowsperstrip;
            tilewidth = deftilewidth;
            tilelength = deftilelength;
            g3opts = defg3opts;

            if (dump.format != DUMP_NONE)
            {
                /* manage input and/or output dump files here */
                dump_images++;
                length = strlen(dump.infilename);
                if (length > 0)
                {
                    if (dump.infile != NULL)
                        fclose(dump.infile);

                    /* dump.infilename is guaranteed to be NUL terminated and
                       have 20 bytes fewer than PATH_MAX */
                    snprintf(temp_filename, sizeof(temp_filename),
                             "%s-read-%03d.%s", dump.infilename, dump_images,
                             (dump.format == DUMP_TEXT) ? "txt" : "raw");
                    if ((dump.infile = fopen(temp_filename, dump.mode)) == NULL)
                    {
                        TIFFError("Unable to open dump file for writing", "%s",
                                  temp_filename);
                        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                    }
                    dump_info(dump.infile, dump.format, "Reading image",
                              "%u from %s", dump_images, TIFFFileName(in));
                }
                length = strlen(dump.outfilename);
                if (length > 0)
                {
                    if (dump.outfile != NULL)
                        fclose(dump.outfile);

                    /* dump.outfilename is guaranteed to be NUL terminated and
                       have 20 bytes fewer than PATH_MAX */
                    snprintf(temp_filename, sizeof(temp_filename),
                             "%s-write-%03d.%s", dump.outfilename, dump_images,
                             (dump.format == DUMP_TEXT) ? "txt" : "raw");
                    if ((dump.outfile = fopen(temp_filename, dump.mode)) ==
                        NULL)
                    {
                        TIFFError("Unable to open dump file for writing", "%s",
                                  temp_filename);
                        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                    }
                    dump_info(dump.outfile, dump.format, "Writing image",
                              "%u from %s", dump_images, TIFFFileName(in));
                }
            }

            if (dump.debug)
                TIFFError("main", "Reading image %4d of %4d total pages.",
                          dirnum + 1, total_pages);

            if (loadImage(in, &image, &dump, &read_buff))
            {
                TIFFError("main", "Unable to load source image");
                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
            }

            /* Correct the image orientation if it was not ORIENTATION_TOPLEFT.
             */
            if (image.adjustments != 0)
            {
                if (correct_orientation(&image, &read_buff))
                    TIFFError("main", "Unable to correct image orientation");
            }

            if (getCropOffsets(&image, &crop, &dump))
            {
                TIFFError("main", "Unable to define crop regions");
                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
            }

            /* Crop input image and copy zones and regions from input image into
             * seg_buffs or crop_buff. */
            if (crop.selections > 0)
            {
                if (processCropSelections(&image, &crop, &read_buff, seg_buffs))
                {
                    TIFFError("main", "Unable to process image selections");
                    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
            }
            else /* Single image segment without zones or regions */
            {
                if (createCroppedImage(&image, &crop, &read_buff, &crop_buff))
                {
                    TIFFError("main", "Unable to create output image");
                    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
            }
            /* Format and write selected image parts to output file(s). */
            if (page.mode == PAGE_MODE_NONE)
            { /* Whole image or sections not based on output page size */
                if (crop.selections > 0)
                {
                    if (writeSelections(in, &out, &crop, &image, &dump,
                                        seg_buffs, mp, argv[argc - 1],
                                        &next_page, total_pages))
                    {
                        TIFFError("main",
                                  "Unable to write new image selections");
                        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                    }
                }
                else /* One file all images and sections */
                {
                    if (update_output_file(&out, mp, crop.exp_mode,
                                           argv[argc - 1], &next_page))
                        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                    if (writeCroppedImage(in, out, &image, &dump,
                                          crop.combined_width,
                                          crop.combined_length, crop_buff,
                                          next_page, total_pages))
                    {
                        TIFFError("main", "Unable to write new image");
                        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                    }
                }
            }
            else
            {
                /* If we used a crop buffer, our data is there, otherwise it is
                 * in the read_buffer
                 */
                if (crop_buff != NULL)
                    sect_src = crop_buff;
                else
                    sect_src = read_buff;
                /* Break input image into pages or rows and columns */
                if (computeOutputPixelOffsets(&crop, &image, &page, sections,
                                              &dump))
                {
                    TIFFError("main", "Unable to compute output section data");
                    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
                /* If there are multiple files on the command line, the final
                 * one is assumed to be the output filename into which the
                 * images are written.
                 */
                if (update_output_file(&out, mp, crop.exp_mode, argv[argc - 1],
                                       &next_page))
                    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);

                if (writeImageSections(in, out, &image, &page, sections, &dump,
                                       sect_src, &sect_buff))
                {
                    TIFFError("main", "Unable to write image sections");
                    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
            }

            /* No image list specified, just read the next image */
            if (image_count == 0)
                dirnum++;
            else
            {
                dirnum = (tdir_t)(imagelist[next_image] - 1);
                next_image++;
            }

            if (dirnum == MAX_IMAGES - 1)
                dirnum = TIFFNumberOfDirectories(in) - 1;

            if (!TIFFSetDirectory(in, (tdir_t)dirnum))
                end_of_input = TRUE;
        }
        TIFFClose(in);
        optind++;
    }

    /* If we did not use the read buffer as the crop buffer */
    if (read_buff)
        _TIFFfree(read_buff);

    if (crop_buff)
        _TIFFfree(crop_buff);

    if (sect_buff)
        _TIFFfree(sect_buff);

    /* Clean up any segment buffers used for zones or regions */
    for (seg = 0; seg < crop.selections; seg++)
        _TIFFfree(seg_buffs[seg].buffer);

    if (dump.format != DUMP_NONE)
    {
        if (dump.infile != NULL)
            fclose(dump.infile);

        if (dump.outfile != NULL)
        {
            dump_info(dump.outfile, dump.format, "", "Completed run for %s",
                      TIFFFileName(out));
            fclose(dump.outfile);
        }
    }

    if (out != NULL)
    {
        TIFFClose(out);
    }

    return (0);
} /* end main */

/* Debugging functions */
static int dump_data(FILE *dumpfile, int format, char *dump_tag,
                     unsigned char *data, uint32_t count)
{
    int j, k;
    uint32_t i;
    char dump_array[10];
    unsigned char bitset;

    if (dumpfile == NULL)
    {
        TIFFError("", "Invalid FILE pointer for dump file");
        return (1);
    }

    if (format == DUMP_TEXT)
    {
        fprintf(dumpfile, " %s  ", dump_tag);
        for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
        {
            for (j = 0, k = 7; j < 8; j++, k--)
            {
                bitset = (*(data + i)) & (((unsigned char)1 << k)) ? 1 : 0;
                sprintf(&dump_array[j], (bitset) ? "1" : "0");
            }
            dump_array[8] = '\0';
            fprintf(dumpfile, " %s", dump_array);
        }
        fprintf(dumpfile, "\n");
    }
    else
    {
        if ((fwrite(data, 1, count, dumpfile)) != count)
        {
            TIFFError("", "Unable to write binary data to dump file");
            return (1);
        }
    }

    return (0);
}

static int dump_byte(FILE *dumpfile, int format, char *dump_tag,
                     unsigned char data)
{
    int j, k;
    char dump_array[10];
    unsigned char bitset;

    if (dumpfile == NULL)
    {
        TIFFError("", "Invalid FILE pointer for dump file");
        return (1);
    }

    if (format == DUMP_TEXT)
    {
        fprintf(dumpfile, " %s  ", dump_tag);
        for (j = 0, k = 7; j < 8; j++, k--)
        {
            bitset = data & (((unsigned char)1 << k)) ? 1 : 0;
            sprintf(&dump_array[j], (bitset) ? "1" : "0");
        }
        dump_array[8] = '\0';
        fprintf(dumpfile, " %s\n", dump_array);
    }
    else
    {
        if ((fwrite(&data, 1, 1, dumpfile)) != 1)
        {
            TIFFError("", "Unable to write binary data to dump file");
            return (1);
        }
    }

    return (0);
}

static int dump_short(FILE *dumpfile, int format, char *dump_tag, uint16_t data)
{
    int j, k;
    char dump_array[20];
    unsigned char bitset;

    if (dumpfile == NULL)
    {
        TIFFError("", "Invalid FILE pointer for dump file");
        return (1);
    }

    if (format == DUMP_TEXT)
    {
        fprintf(dumpfile, " %s  ", dump_tag);
        for (j = 0, k = 15; k >= 0; j++, k--)
        {
            bitset = data & (((unsigned char)1 << k)) ? 1 : 0;
            sprintf(&dump_array[j], (bitset) ? "1" : "0");
            if ((k % 8) == 0)
                sprintf(&dump_array[++j], " ");
        }
        dump_array[17] = '\0';
        fprintf(dumpfile, " %s\n", dump_array);
    }
    else
    {
        if ((fwrite(&data, 2, 1, dumpfile)) != 2)
        {
            TIFFError("", "Unable to write binary data to dump file");
            return (1);
        }
    }

    return (0);
}

static int dump_long(FILE *dumpfile, int format, char *dump_tag, uint32_t data)
{
    int j, k;
    char dump_array[40];
    unsigned char bitset;

    if (dumpfile == NULL)
    {
        TIFFError("", "Invalid FILE pointer for dump file");
        return (1);
    }

    if (format == DUMP_TEXT)
    {
        fprintf(dumpfile, " %s  ", dump_tag);
        for (j = 0, k = 31; k >= 0; j++, k--)
        {
            bitset = data & (((uint32_t)1 << k)) ? 1 : 0;
            sprintf(&dump_array[j], (bitset) ? "1" : "0");
            if ((k % 8) == 0)
                sprintf(&dump_array[++j], " ");
        }
        dump_array[35] = '\0';
        fprintf(dumpfile, " %s\n", dump_array);
    }
    else
    {
        if ((fwrite(&data, 4, 1, dumpfile)) != 4)
        {
            TIFFError("", "Unable to write binary data to dump file");
            return (1);
        }
    }
    return (0);
}

static int dump_wide(FILE *dumpfile, int format, char *dump_tag, uint64_t data)
{
    int j, k;
    char dump_array[80];
    unsigned char bitset;

    if (dumpfile == NULL)
    {
        TIFFError("", "Invalid FILE pointer for dump file");
        return (1);
    }

    if (format == DUMP_TEXT)
    {
        fprintf(dumpfile, " %s  ", dump_tag);
        for (j = 0, k = 63; k >= 0; j++, k--)
        {
            bitset = data & (((uint64_t)1 << k)) ? 1 : 0;
            sprintf(&dump_array[j], (bitset) ? "1" : "0");
            if ((k % 8) == 0)
                sprintf(&dump_array[++j], " ");
        }
        dump_array[71] = '\0';
        fprintf(dumpfile, " %s\n", dump_array);
    }
    else
    {
        if ((fwrite(&data, 8, 1, dumpfile)) != 8)
        {
            TIFFError("", "Unable to write binary data to dump file");
            return (1);
        }
    }

    return (0);
}

static void dump_info(FILE *dumpfile, int format, char *prefix, char *msg, ...)
{
    if (format == DUMP_TEXT)
    {
        va_list ap;
        va_start(ap, msg);
        fprintf(dumpfile, "%s ", prefix);
        vfprintf(dumpfile, msg, ap);
        fprintf(dumpfile, "\n");
        va_end(ap);
    }
}

static int dump_buffer(FILE *dumpfile, int format, uint32_t rows,
                       uint32_t width, uint32_t row, unsigned char *buff)
{
    int k;
    uint32_t i;
    unsigned char *dump_ptr;

    if (dumpfile == NULL)
    {
        TIFFError("", "Invalid FILE pointer for dump file");
        return (1);
    }

    for (i = 0; i < rows; i++)
    {
        dump_ptr = buff + (i * width);
        if (format == DUMP_TEXT)
            dump_info(dumpfile, format, "",
                      "Row %4" PRIu32 ", %" PRIu32 " bytes at offset %" PRIu32,
                      row + i + 1u, width, row * width);

        for (k = width; k >= 10; k -= 10, dump_ptr += 10)
            dump_data(dumpfile, format, "", dump_ptr, 10);
        if (k > 0)
            dump_data(dumpfile, format, "", dump_ptr, k);
    }
    return (0);
}

/* Extract one or more samples from an interleaved buffer. If count == 1,
 * only the sample plane indicated by sample will be extracted.  If count > 1,
 * count samples beginning at sample will be extracted. Portions of a
 * scanline can be extracted by specifying a start and end value.
 */

static int extractContigSamplesBytes(uint8_t *in, uint8_t *out, uint32_t cols,
                                     tsample_t sample, uint16_t spp,
                                     uint16_t bps, tsample_t count,
                                     uint32_t start, uint32_t end)
{
    int i, bytes_per_sample, sindex;
    uint32_t col, dst_rowsize, bit_offset, numcols;
    uint32_t src_byte /*, src_bit */;
    uint8_t *src = in;
    uint8_t *dst = out;

    if ((src == NULL) || (dst == NULL))
    {
        TIFFError("extractContigSamplesBytes",
                  "Invalid input or output buffer");
        return (1);
    }

    /* Number of extracted columns shall be kept as (end-start + 1). Otherwise
     * buffer-overflow might occur. 'start' and 'col' count from 0 to (cols-1)
     * but 'end' is to be set one after the index of the last column to be
     * copied!
     */
    if (end >= start)
        numcols = end - start;
    else
        numcols = start - end;
    if ((start > end) || (start > cols))
    {
        TIFFError("extractContigSamplesBytes",
                  "Invalid start column value %" PRIu32 " ignored", start);
        start = 0;
    }
    if ((end == 0) || (end > cols))
    {
        TIFFError("extractContigSamplesBytes",
                  "Invalid end column value %" PRIu32 " ignored", end);
        end = cols;
    }
    if ((end - start) > numcols)
    {
        end = start + numcols;
    }

    dst_rowsize = (bps * (end - start) * count) / 8;

    bytes_per_sample = (bps + 7) / 8;
    /* Optimize case for copying all samples */
    if (count == spp)
    {
        src = in + (start * spp * bytes_per_sample);
        _TIFFmemcpy(dst, src, dst_rowsize);
    }
    else
    {
        for (col = start; col < end; col++)
        {
            for (sindex = sample; (sindex < spp) && (sindex < (sample + count));
                 sindex++)
            {
                bit_offset = col * bps * spp;
                if (sindex == 0)
                {
                    src_byte = bit_offset / 8;
                    /* src_bit  = bit_offset % 8; */
                }
                else
                {
                    src_byte = (bit_offset + (sindex * bps)) / 8;
                    /* src_bit  = (bit_offset + (sindex * bps)) % 8; */
                }
                src = in + src_byte;
                for (i = 0; i < bytes_per_sample; i++)
                    *dst++ = *src++;
            }
        }
    }

    return (0);
} /* end extractContigSamplesBytes */

static int extractContigSamples8bits(uint8_t *in, uint8_t *out, uint32_t cols,
                                     tsample_t sample, uint16_t spp,
                                     uint16_t bps, tsample_t count,
                                     uint32_t start, uint32_t end)
{
    int ready_bits = 0, sindex = 0;
    uint32_t col, src_byte, src_bit, bit_offset, numcols;
    uint8_t maskbits = 0, matchbits = 0;
    uint8_t buff1 = 0, buff2 = 0;
    uint8_t *src = in;
    uint8_t *dst = out;

    if ((src == NULL) || (dst == NULL))
    {
        TIFFError("extractContigSamples8bits",
                  "Invalid input or output buffer");
        return (1);
    }

    /* Number of extracted columns shall be kept as (end-start + 1). Otherwise
     * buffer-overflow might occur. 'start' and 'col' count from 0 to (cols-1)
     * but 'end' is to be set one after the index of the last column to be
     * copied!
     */
    if (end >= start)
        numcols = end - start;
    else
        numcols = start - end;
    if ((start > end) || (start > cols))
    {
        TIFFError("extractContigSamples8bits",
                  "Invalid start column value %" PRIu32 " ignored", start);
        start = 0;
    }
    if ((end == 0) || (end > cols))
    {
        TIFFError("extractContigSamples8bits",
                  "Invalid end column value %" PRIu32 " ignored", end);
        end = cols;
    }
    if ((end - start) > numcols)
    {
        end = start + numcols;
    }

    ready_bits = 0;
    maskbits = (uint8_t)-1 >> (8 - bps);
    buff1 = buff2 = 0;
    for (col = start; col < end; col++)
    { /* Compute src byte(s) and bits within byte(s) */
        bit_offset = col * bps * spp;
        for (sindex = sample; (sindex < spp) && (sindex < (sample + count));
             sindex++)
        {
            if (sindex == 0)
            {
                src_byte = bit_offset / 8;
                src_bit = bit_offset % 8;
            }
            else
            {
                src_byte = (bit_offset + (sindex * bps)) / 8;
                src_bit = (bit_offset + (sindex * bps)) % 8;
            }

            src = in + src_byte;
            matchbits = maskbits << (8 - src_bit - bps);
            buff1 = ((*src) & matchbits) << (src_bit);

            /* If we have a full buffer's worth, write it out */
            if (ready_bits >= 8)
            {
                *dst++ = buff2;
                buff2 = buff1;
                ready_bits -= 8;
            }
            else
                buff2 = (buff2 | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
            ready_bits += bps;
        }
    }

    while (ready_bits > 0)
    {
        buff1 = (buff2 & ((unsigned int)255 << (8 - ready_bits)));
        *dst++ = buff1;
        ready_bits -= 8;
    }

    return (0);
} /* end extractContigSamples8bits */

static int extractContigSamples16bits(uint8_t *in, uint8_t *out, uint32_t cols,
                                      tsample_t sample, uint16_t spp,
                                      uint16_t bps, tsample_t count,
                                      uint32_t start, uint32_t end)
{
    int ready_bits = 0, sindex = 0;
    uint32_t col, src_byte, src_bit, bit_offset, numcols;
    uint16_t maskbits = 0, matchbits = 0;
    uint16_t buff1 = 0, buff2 = 0;
    uint8_t bytebuff = 0;
    uint8_t *src = in;
    uint8_t *dst = out;

    if ((src == NULL) || (dst == NULL))
    {
        TIFFError("extractContigSamples16bits",
                  "Invalid input or output buffer");
        return (1);
    }

    /* Number of extracted columns shall be kept as (end-start + 1). Otherwise
     * buffer-overflow might occur. 'start' and 'col' count from 0 to (cols-1)
     * but 'end' is to be set one after the index of the last column to be
     * copied!
     */
    if (end >= start)
        numcols = end - start;
    else
        numcols = start - end;
    if ((start > end) || (start > cols))
    {
        TIFFError("extractContigSamples16bits",
                  "Invalid start column value %" PRIu32 " ignored", start);
        start = 0;
    }
    if ((end == 0) || (end > cols))
    {
        TIFFError("extractContigSamples16bits",
                  "Invalid end column value %" PRIu32 " ignored", end);
        end = cols;
    }
    if ((end - start) > numcols)
    {
        end = start + numcols;
    }

    ready_bits = 0;
    maskbits = (uint16_t)-1 >> (16 - bps);

    for (col = start; col < end; col++)
    { /* Compute src byte(s) and bits within byte(s) */
        bit_offset = col * bps * spp;
        for (sindex = sample; (sindex < spp) && (sindex < (sample + count));
             sindex++)
        {
            if (sindex == 0)
            {
                src_byte = bit_offset / 8;
                src_bit = bit_offset % 8;
            }
            else
            {
                src_byte = (bit_offset + (sindex * bps)) / 8;
                src_bit = (bit_offset + (sindex * bps)) % 8;
            }

            src = in + src_byte;
            matchbits = maskbits << (16 - src_bit - bps);

            if (little_endian)
                buff1 = (src[0] << 8) | src[1];
            else
                buff1 = (src[1] << 8) | src[0];

            buff1 = (buff1 & matchbits) << (src_bit);
            if (ready_bits < 8) /* add another bps bits to the buffer */
            {
                bytebuff = 0;
                buff2 = (buff2 | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
            }
            else /* If we have a full buffer's worth, write it out */
            {
                bytebuff = (buff2 >> 8);
                *dst++ = bytebuff;
                ready_bits -= 8;
                /* shift in new bits */
                buff2 = ((buff2 << 8) | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
            }
            ready_bits += bps;
        }
    }

    /* catch any trailing bits at the end of the line */
    while (ready_bits > 0)
    {
        bytebuff = (buff2 >> 8);
        *dst++ = bytebuff;
        ready_bits -= 8;
    }

    return (0);
} /* end extractContigSamples16bits */

static int extractContigSamples24bits(uint8_t *in, uint8_t *out, uint32_t cols,
                                      tsample_t sample, uint16_t spp,
                                      uint16_t bps, tsample_t count,
                                      uint32_t start, uint32_t end)
{
    int ready_bits = 0, sindex = 0;
    uint32_t col, src_byte, src_bit, bit_offset, numcols;
    uint32_t maskbits = 0, matchbits = 0;
    uint32_t buff1 = 0, buff2 = 0;
    uint8_t bytebuff1 = 0, bytebuff2 = 0;
    uint8_t *src = in;
    uint8_t *dst = out;

    if ((in == NULL) || (out == NULL))
    {
        TIFFError("extractContigSamples24bits",
                  "Invalid input or output buffer");
        return (1);
    }

    /* Number of extracted columns shall be kept as (end-start + 1). Otherwise
     * buffer-overflow might occur. 'start' and 'col' count from 0 to (cols-1)
     * but 'end' is to be set one after the index of the last column to be
     * copied!
     */
    if (end >= start)
        numcols = end - start;
    else
        numcols = start - end;
    if ((start > end) || (start > cols))
    {
        TIFFError("extractContigSamples24bits",
                  "Invalid start column value %" PRIu32 " ignored", start);
        start = 0;
    }
    if ((end == 0) || (end > cols))
    {
        TIFFError("extractContigSamples24bits",
                  "Invalid end column value %" PRIu32 " ignored", end);
        end = cols;
    }
    if ((end - start) > numcols)
    {
        end = start + numcols;
    }

    ready_bits = 0;
    maskbits = (uint32_t)-1 >> (32 - bps);
    for (col = start; col < end; col++)
    {
        /* Compute src byte(s) and bits within byte(s) */
        bit_offset = col * bps * spp;
        for (sindex = sample; (sindex < spp) && (sindex < (sample + count));
             sindex++)
        {
            if (sindex == 0)
            {
                src_byte = bit_offset / 8;
                src_bit = bit_offset % 8;
            }
            else
            {
                src_byte = (bit_offset + (sindex * bps)) / 8;
                src_bit = (bit_offset + (sindex * bps)) % 8;
            }

            src = in + src_byte;
            matchbits = maskbits << (32 - src_bit - bps);
            if (little_endian)
            {
                buff1 = (src[0] << 24);
                if (matchbits & 0x00ff0000)
                    buff1 |= (src[1] << 16);
                if (matchbits & 0x0000ff00)
                    buff1 |= (src[2] << 8);
                if (matchbits & 0x000000ff)
                    buff1 |= src[3];
            }
            else
            {
                buff1 = src[0];
                if (matchbits & 0x0000ff00)
                    buff1 |= (src[1] << 8);
                if (matchbits & 0x00ff0000)
                    buff1 |= (src[2] << 16);
                if (matchbits & 0xff000000)
                    buff1 |= (src[3] << 24);
            }
            buff1 = (buff1 & matchbits) << (src_bit);

            if (ready_bits < 16) /* add another bps bits to the buffer */
            {
                bytebuff1 = bytebuff2 = 0;
                buff2 = (buff2 | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
            }
            else /* If we have a full buffer's worth, write it out */
            {
                bytebuff1 = (buff2 >> 24);
                *dst++ = bytebuff1;
                bytebuff2 = (buff2 >> 16);
                *dst++ = bytebuff2;
                ready_bits -= 16;

                /* shift in new bits */
                buff2 = ((buff2 << 16) | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
            }
            ready_bits += bps;
        }
    }

    /* catch any trailing bits at the end of the line */
    while (ready_bits > 0)
    {
        bytebuff1 = (buff2 >> 24);
        *dst++ = bytebuff1;

        buff2 = (buff2 << 8);
        bytebuff2 = bytebuff1;
        ready_bits -= 8;
    }

    return (0);
} /* end extractContigSamples24bits */

static int extractContigSamples32bits(uint8_t *in, uint8_t *out, uint32_t cols,
                                      tsample_t sample, uint16_t spp,
                                      uint16_t bps, tsample_t count,
                                      uint32_t start, uint32_t end)
{
    int ready_bits = 0, sindex = 0 /*, shift_width = 0 */;
    uint32_t col, src_byte, src_bit, bit_offset, numcols;
    uint32_t longbuff1 = 0, longbuff2 = 0;
    uint64_t maskbits = 0, matchbits = 0;
    uint64_t buff1 = 0, buff2 = 0, buff3 = 0;
    uint8_t bytebuff1 = 0, bytebuff2 = 0, bytebuff3 = 0, bytebuff4 = 0;
    uint8_t *src = in;
    uint8_t *dst = out;

    if ((in == NULL) || (out == NULL))
    {
        TIFFError("extractContigSamples32bits",
                  "Invalid input or output buffer");
        return (1);
    }

    /* Number of extracted columns shall be kept as (end-start + 1). Otherwise
     * buffer-overflow might occur. 'start' and 'col' count from 0 to (cols-1)
     * but 'end' is to be set one after the index of the last column to be
     * copied!
     */
    if (end >= start)
        numcols = end - start;
    else
        numcols = start - end;
    if ((start > end) || (start > cols))
    {
        TIFFError("extractContigSamples32bits",
                  "Invalid start column value %" PRIu32 " ignored", start);
        start = 0;
    }
    if ((end == 0) || (end > cols))
    {
        TIFFError("extractContigSamples32bits",
                  "Invalid end column value %" PRIu32 " ignored", end);
        end = cols;
    }
    if ((end - start) > numcols)
    {
        end = start + numcols;
    }

    /* shift_width = ((bps + 7) / 8) + 1; */
    ready_bits = 0;
    maskbits = (uint64_t)-1 >> (64 - bps);
    for (col = start; col < end; col++)
    {
        /* Compute src byte(s) and bits within byte(s) */
        bit_offset = col * bps * spp;
        for (sindex = sample; (sindex < spp) && (sindex < (sample + count));
             sindex++)
        {
            if (sindex == 0)
            {
                src_byte = bit_offset / 8;
                src_bit = bit_offset % 8;
            }
            else
            {
                src_byte = (bit_offset + (sindex * bps)) / 8;
                src_bit = (bit_offset + (sindex * bps)) % 8;
            }

            src = in + src_byte;
            matchbits = maskbits << (64 - src_bit - bps);
            if (little_endian)
            {
                longbuff1 =
                    (src[0] << 24) | (src[1] << 16) | (src[2] << 8) | src[3];
                longbuff2 = longbuff1;
            }
            else
            {
                longbuff1 =
                    (src[3] << 24) | (src[2] << 16) | (src[1] << 8) | src[0];
                longbuff2 = longbuff1;
            }

            buff3 = ((uint64_t)longbuff1 << 32) | longbuff2;
            buff1 = (buff3 & matchbits) << (src_bit);

            /* If we have a full buffer's worth, write it out */
            if (ready_bits >= 32)
            {
                bytebuff1 = (uint8_t)(buff2 >> 56);
                *dst++ = bytebuff1;
                bytebuff2 = (uint8_t)(buff2 >> 48);
                *dst++ = bytebuff2;
                bytebuff3 = (uint8_t)(buff2 >> 40);
                *dst++ = bytebuff3;
                bytebuff4 = (uint8_t)(buff2 >> 32);
                *dst++ = bytebuff4;
                ready_bits -= 32;

                /* shift in new bits */
                buff2 = ((buff2 << 32) | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
            }
            else
            { /* add another bps bits to the buffer */
                bytebuff1 = bytebuff2 = bytebuff3 = bytebuff4 = 0;
                buff2 = (buff2 | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
            }
            ready_bits += bps;
        }
    }
    while (ready_bits > 0)
    {
        bytebuff1 = (buff2 >> 56);
        *dst++ = bytebuff1;
        buff2 = (buff2 << 8);
        ready_bits -= 8;
    }

    return (0);
} /* end extractContigSamples32bits */

static int extractContigSamplesShifted8bits(uint8_t *in, uint8_t *out,
                                            uint32_t cols, tsample_t sample,
                                            uint16_t spp, uint16_t bps,
                                            tsample_t count, uint32_t start,
                                            uint32_t end, int shift)
{
    int ready_bits = 0, sindex = 0;
    uint32_t col, src_byte, src_bit, bit_offset, numcols;
    uint8_t maskbits = 0, matchbits = 0;
    uint8_t buff1 = 0, buff2 = 0;
    uint8_t *src = in;
    uint8_t *dst = out;

    if ((src == NULL) || (dst == NULL))
    {
        TIFFError("extractContigSamplesShifted8bits",
                  "Invalid input or output buffer");
        return (1);
    }

    /* Number of extracted columns shall be kept as (end-start + 1). Otherwise
     * buffer-overflow might occur. 'start' and 'col' count from 0 to (cols-1)
     * but 'end' is to be set one after the index of the last column to be
     * copied!
     */
    if (end >= start)
        numcols = end - start;
    else
        numcols = start - end;
    if ((start > end) || (start > cols))
    {
        TIFFError("extractContigSamplesShifted8bits",
                  "Invalid start column value %" PRIu32 " ignored", start);
        start = 0;
    }
    if ((end == 0) || (end > cols))
    {
        TIFFError("extractContigSamplesShifted8bits",
                  "Invalid end column value %" PRIu32 " ignored", end);
        end = cols;
    }
    if ((end - start) > numcols)
    {
        end = start + numcols;
    }

    ready_bits = shift;
    maskbits = (uint8_t)-1 >> (8 - bps);
    buff1 = buff2 = 0;
    for (col = start; col < end; col++)
    { /* Compute src byte(s) and bits within byte(s) */
        bit_offset = col * bps * spp;
        for (sindex = sample; (sindex < spp) && (sindex < (sample + count));
             sindex++)
        {
            if (sindex == 0)
            {
                src_byte = bit_offset / 8;
                src_bit = bit_offset % 8;
            }
            else
            {
                src_byte = (bit_offset + (sindex * bps)) / 8;
                src_bit = (bit_offset + (sindex * bps)) % 8;
            }

            src = in + src_byte;
            matchbits = maskbits << (8 - src_bit - bps);
            buff1 = ((*src) & matchbits) << (src_bit);
            if ((col == start) && (sindex == sample))
                buff2 = *src & ((uint8_t)-1) << (shift);

            /* If we have a full buffer's worth, write it out */
            if (ready_bits >= 8)
            {
                *dst++ |= buff2;
                buff2 = buff1;
                ready_bits -= 8;
            }
            else
                buff2 = buff2 | (buff1 >> ready_bits);
            ready_bits += bps;
        }
    }

    while (ready_bits > 0)
    {
        buff1 = (buff2 & ((unsigned int)255 << (8 - ready_bits)));
        *dst++ = buff1;
        ready_bits -= 8;
    }

    return (0);
} /* end extractContigSamplesShifted8bits */

static int extractContigSamplesShifted16bits(uint8_t *in, uint8_t *out,
                                             uint32_t cols, tsample_t sample,
                                             uint16_t spp, uint16_t bps,
                                             tsample_t count, uint32_t start,
                                             uint32_t end, int shift)
{
    int ready_bits = 0, sindex = 0;
    uint32_t col, src_byte, src_bit, bit_offset, numcols;
    uint16_t maskbits = 0, matchbits = 0;
    uint16_t buff1 = 0, buff2 = 0;
    uint8_t bytebuff = 0;
    uint8_t *src = in;
    uint8_t *dst = out;

    if ((src == NULL) || (dst == NULL))
    {
        TIFFError("extractContigSamplesShifted16bits",
                  "Invalid input or output buffer");
        return (1);
    }

    /* Number of extracted columns shall be kept as (end-start + 1). Otherwise
     * buffer-overflow might occur. 'start' and 'col' count from 0 to (cols-1)
     * but 'end' is to be set one after the index of the last column to be
     * copied!
     */
    if (end >= start)
        numcols = end - start;
    else
        numcols = start - end;
    if ((start > end) || (start > cols))
    {
        TIFFError("extractContigSamplesShifted16bits",
                  "Invalid start column value %" PRIu32 " ignored", start);
        start = 0;
    }
    if ((end == 0) || (end > cols))
    {
        TIFFError("extractContigSamplesShifted16bits",
                  "Invalid end column value %" PRIu32 " ignored", end);
        end = cols;
    }
    if ((end - start) > numcols)
    {
        end = start + numcols;
    }

    ready_bits = shift;
    maskbits = (uint16_t)-1 >> (16 - bps);
    for (col = start; col < end; col++)
    { /* Compute src byte(s) and bits within byte(s) */
        bit_offset = col * bps * spp;
        for (sindex = sample; (sindex < spp) && (sindex < (sample + count));
             sindex++)
        {
            if (sindex == 0)
            {
                src_byte = bit_offset / 8;
                src_bit = bit_offset % 8;
            }
            else
            {
                src_byte = (bit_offset + (sindex * bps)) / 8;
                src_bit = (bit_offset + (sindex * bps)) % 8;
            }

            src = in + src_byte;
            matchbits = maskbits << (16 - src_bit - bps);
            if (little_endian)
                buff1 = (src[0] << 8) | src[1];
            else
                buff1 = (src[1] << 8) | src[0];

            if ((col == start) && (sindex == sample))
                buff2 = buff1 & ((uint16_t)-1) << (8 - shift);

            buff1 = (buff1 & matchbits) << (src_bit);

            if (ready_bits < 8) /* add another bps bits to the buffer */
                buff2 = buff2 | (buff1 >> ready_bits);
            else /* If we have a full buffer's worth, write it out */
            {
                bytebuff = (buff2 >> 8);
                *dst++ = bytebuff;
                ready_bits -= 8;
                /* shift in new bits */
                buff2 = ((buff2 << 8) | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
            }

            ready_bits += bps;
        }
    }

    /* catch any trailing bits at the end of the line */
    while (ready_bits > 0)
    {
        bytebuff = (buff2 >> 8);
        *dst++ = bytebuff;
        ready_bits -= 8;
    }

    return (0);
} /* end extractContigSamplesShifted16bits */

static int extractContigSamplesShifted24bits(uint8_t *in, uint8_t *out,
                                             uint32_t cols, tsample_t sample,
                                             uint16_t spp, uint16_t bps,
                                             tsample_t count, uint32_t start,
                                             uint32_t end, int shift)
{
    int ready_bits = 0, sindex = 0;
    uint32_t col, src_byte, src_bit, bit_offset, numcols;
    uint32_t maskbits = 0, matchbits = 0;
    uint32_t buff1 = 0, buff2 = 0;
    uint8_t bytebuff1 = 0, bytebuff2 = 0;
    uint8_t *src = in;
    uint8_t *dst = out;

    if ((in == NULL) || (out == NULL))
    {
        TIFFError("extractContigSamplesShifted24bits",
                  "Invalid input or output buffer");
        return (1);
    }

    /* Number of extracted columns shall be kept as (end-start + 1). Otherwise
     * buffer-overflow might occur. 'start' and 'col' count from 0 to (cols-1)
     * but 'end' is to be set one after the index of the last column to be
     * copied!
     */
    /*--- Remark, which is true for all those functions
     * extractCongigSamplesXXX() -- The mitigation of the start/end test does
     * not allways make sense, because the function is often called with e.g.:
     *  start = 31; end = 32; cols = 32  to extract the last column in a 32x32
     * sample image. If then, a worng parameter (e.g. cols = 10) is provided,
     * the mitigated settings would be start=0; end=1. Therefore, an error
     * message and no copy action might be the better reaction to wrong
     * parameter configurations.
     */
    if (end >= start)
        numcols = end - start;
    else
        numcols = start - end;
    if ((start > end) || (start > cols))
    {
        TIFFError("extractContigSamplesShifted24bits",
                  "Invalid start column value %" PRIu32 " ignored", start);
        start = 0;
    }
    if ((end == 0) || (end > cols))
    {
        TIFFError("extractContigSamplesShifted24bits",
                  "Invalid end column value %" PRIu32 " ignored", end);
        end = cols;
    }
    if ((end - start) > numcols)
    {
        end = start + numcols;
    }

    ready_bits = shift;
    maskbits = (uint32_t)-1 >> (32 - bps);
    for (col = start; col < end; col++)
    {
        /* Compute src byte(s) and bits within byte(s) */
        bit_offset = col * bps * spp;
        for (sindex = sample; (sindex < spp) && (sindex < (sample + count));
             sindex++)
        {
            if (sindex == 0)
            {
                src_byte = bit_offset / 8;
                src_bit = bit_offset % 8;
            }
            else
            {
                src_byte = (bit_offset + (sindex * bps)) / 8;
                src_bit = (bit_offset + (sindex * bps)) % 8;
            }

            src = in + src_byte;
            matchbits = maskbits << (32 - src_bit - bps);
            if (little_endian)
                buff1 =
                    (src[0] << 24) | (src[1] << 16) | (src[2] << 8) | src[3];
            else
                buff1 =
                    (src[3] << 24) | (src[2] << 16) | (src[1] << 8) | src[0];

            if ((col == start) && (sindex == sample))
                buff2 = buff1 & ((uint32_t)-1) << (16 - shift);

            buff1 = (buff1 & matchbits) << (src_bit);

            if (ready_bits < 16) /* add another bps bits to the buffer */
            {
                bytebuff1 = bytebuff2 = 0;
                buff2 = (buff2 | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
            }
            else /* If we have a full buffer's worth, write it out */
            {
                bytebuff1 = (buff2 >> 24);
                *dst++ = bytebuff1;
                bytebuff2 = (buff2 >> 16);
                *dst++ = bytebuff2;
                ready_bits -= 16;

                /* shift in new bits */
                buff2 = ((buff2 << 16) | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
            }
            ready_bits += bps;
        }
    }

    /* catch any trailing bits at the end of the line */
    while (ready_bits > 0)
    {
        bytebuff1 = (buff2 >> 24);
        *dst++ = bytebuff1;

        buff2 = (buff2 << 8);
        bytebuff2 = bytebuff1;
        ready_bits -= 8;
    }

    return (0);
} /* end extractContigSamplesShifted24bits */

static int extractContigSamplesShifted32bits(uint8_t *in, uint8_t *out,
                                             uint32_t cols, tsample_t sample,
                                             uint16_t spp, uint16_t bps,
                                             tsample_t count, uint32_t start,
                                             uint32_t end, int shift)
{
    int ready_bits = 0, sindex = 0 /*, shift_width = 0 */;
    uint32_t col, src_byte, src_bit, bit_offset, numcols;
    uint32_t longbuff1 = 0, longbuff2 = 0;
    uint64_t maskbits = 0, matchbits = 0;
    uint64_t buff1 = 0, buff2 = 0, buff3 = 0;
    uint8_t bytebuff1 = 0, bytebuff2 = 0, bytebuff3 = 0, bytebuff4 = 0;
    uint8_t *src = in;
    uint8_t *dst = out;

    if ((in == NULL) || (out == NULL))
    {
        TIFFError("extractContigSamplesShifted32bits",
                  "Invalid input or output buffer");
        return (1);
    }

    /* Number of extracted columns shall be kept as (end-start + 1). Otherwise
     * buffer-overflow might occur. 'start' and 'col' count from 0 to (cols-1)
     * but 'end' is to be set one after the index of the last column to be
     * copied!
     */
    if (end >= start)
        numcols = end - start;
    else
        numcols = start - end;
    if ((start > end) || (start > cols))
    {
        TIFFError("extractContigSamplesShifted32bits",
                  "Invalid start column value %" PRIu32 " ignored", start);
        start = 0;
    }
    if ((end == 0) || (end > cols))
    {
        TIFFError("extractContigSamplesShifted32bits",
                  "Invalid end column value %" PRIu32 " ignored", end);
        end = cols;
    }
    if ((end - start) > numcols)
    {
        end = start + numcols;
    }

    /* shift_width = ((bps + 7) / 8) + 1; */
    ready_bits = shift;
    maskbits = (uint64_t)-1 >> (64 - bps);
    for (col = start; col < end; col++)
    {
        /* Compute src byte(s) and bits within byte(s) */
        bit_offset = col * bps * spp;
        for (sindex = sample; (sindex < spp) && (sindex < (sample + count));
             sindex++)
        {
            if (sindex == 0)
            {
                src_byte = bit_offset / 8;
                src_bit = bit_offset % 8;
            }
            else
            {
                src_byte = (bit_offset + (sindex * bps)) / 8;
                src_bit = (bit_offset + (sindex * bps)) % 8;
            }

            src = in + src_byte;
            matchbits = maskbits << (64 - src_bit - bps);
            if (little_endian)
            {
                longbuff1 =
                    (src[0] << 24) | (src[1] << 16) | (src[2] << 8) | src[3];
                longbuff2 = longbuff1;
            }
            else
            {
                longbuff1 =
                    (src[3] << 24) | (src[2] << 16) | (src[1] << 8) | src[0];
                longbuff2 = longbuff1;
            }

            buff3 = ((uint64_t)longbuff1 << 32) | longbuff2;
            if ((col == start) && (sindex == sample))
                buff2 = buff3 & ((uint64_t)-1) << (32 - shift);

            buff1 = (buff3 & matchbits) << (src_bit);

            if (ready_bits < 32)
            { /* add another bps bits to the buffer */
                bytebuff1 = bytebuff2 = bytebuff3 = bytebuff4 = 0;
                buff2 = (buff2 | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
            }
            else /* If we have a full buffer's worth, write it out */
            {
                bytebuff1 = (uint8_t)(buff2 >> 56);
                *dst++ = bytebuff1;
                bytebuff2 = (uint8_t)(buff2 >> 48);
                *dst++ = bytebuff2;
                bytebuff3 = (uint8_t)(buff2 >> 40);
                *dst++ = bytebuff3;
                bytebuff4 = (uint8_t)(buff2 >> 32);
                *dst++ = bytebuff4;
                ready_bits -= 32;

                /* shift in new bits */
                buff2 = ((buff2 << 32) | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
            }
            ready_bits += bps;
        }
    }
    while (ready_bits > 0)
    {
        bytebuff1 = (buff2 >> 56);
        *dst++ = bytebuff1;
        buff2 = (buff2 << 8);
        ready_bits -= 8;
    }

    return (0);
} /* end extractContigSamplesShifted32bits */

static int extractContigSamplesToBuffer(uint8_t *out, uint8_t *in,
                                        uint32_t rows, uint32_t cols,
                                        tsample_t sample, uint16_t spp,
                                        uint16_t bps, struct dump_opts *dump)
{
    int shift_width, bytes_per_sample, bytes_per_pixel;
    uint32_t src_rowsize, src_offset, row, first_col = 0;
    uint32_t dst_rowsize, dst_offset;
    tsample_t count = 1;
    uint8_t *src, *dst;

    bytes_per_sample = (bps + 7) / 8;
    bytes_per_pixel = ((bps * spp) + 7) / 8;
    if ((bps % 8) == 0)
        shift_width = 0;
    else
    {
        if (bytes_per_pixel < (bytes_per_sample + 1))
            shift_width = bytes_per_pixel;
        else
            shift_width = bytes_per_sample + 1;
    }
    src_rowsize = ((bps * spp * cols) + 7) / 8;
    dst_rowsize = ((bps * cols) + 7) / 8;

    if ((dump->outfile != NULL) && (dump->level == 4))
    {
        dump_info(dump->outfile, dump->format, "extractContigSamplesToBuffer",
                  "Sample %" PRIu32 ", %" PRIu32 " rows", sample + 1u,
                  rows + 1u);
    }
    for (row = 0; row < rows; row++)
    {
        src_offset = row * src_rowsize;
        dst_offset = row * dst_rowsize;
        src = in + src_offset;
        dst = out + dst_offset;

        /* pack the data into the scanline */
        switch (shift_width)
        {
            case 0:
                if (extractContigSamplesBytes(src, dst, cols, sample, spp, bps,
                                              count, first_col, cols))
                    return (1);
                break;
            case 1:
                if (bps == 1)
                {
                    if (extractContigSamples8bits(src, dst, cols, sample, spp,
                                                  bps, count, first_col, cols))
                        return (1);
                    break;
                }
                else if (extractContigSamples16bits(src, dst, cols, sample, spp,
                                                    bps, count, first_col,
                                                    cols))
                    return (1);
                break;
            case 2:
                if (extractContigSamples24bits(src, dst, cols, sample, spp, bps,
                                               count, first_col, cols))
                    return (1);
                break;
            case 3:
            case 4:
            case 5:
                if (extractContigSamples32bits(src, dst, cols, sample, spp, bps,
                                               count, first_col, cols))
                    return (1);
                break;
            default:
                TIFFError("extractContigSamplesToBuffer",
                          "Unsupported bit depth: %" PRIu16, bps);
                return (1);
        }
        if ((dump->outfile != NULL) && (dump->level == 4))
            dump_buffer(dump->outfile, dump->format, 1, dst_rowsize, row, dst);
    }

    return (0);
} /* end extractContigSamplesToBuffer */

static int extractContigSamplesToTileBuffer(
    uint8_t *out, uint8_t *in, uint32_t rows, uint32_t cols,
    uint32_t imagewidth, uint32_t tilewidth, tsample_t sample, uint16_t count,
    uint16_t spp, uint16_t bps, struct dump_opts *dump)
{
    int shift_width, bytes_per_sample, bytes_per_pixel;
    uint32_t src_rowsize, src_offset, row;
    uint32_t dst_rowsize, dst_offset;
    uint8_t *src, *dst;

    bytes_per_sample = (bps + 7) / 8;
    bytes_per_pixel = ((bps * spp) + 7) / 8;
    if ((bps % 8) == 0)
        shift_width = 0;
    else
    {
        if (bytes_per_pixel < (bytes_per_sample + 1))
            shift_width = bytes_per_pixel;
        else
            shift_width = bytes_per_sample + 1;
    }

    if ((dump->outfile != NULL) && (dump->level == 4))
    {
        dump_info(
            dump->outfile, dump->format, "extractContigSamplesToTileBuffer",
            "Sample %" PRIu32 ", %" PRIu32 " rows", sample + 1u, rows + 1u);
    }

    src_rowsize = ((bps * spp * imagewidth) + 7) / 8;
    dst_rowsize = ((bps * tilewidth * count) + 7) / 8;

    for (row = 0; row < rows; row++)
    {
        src_offset = row * src_rowsize;
        dst_offset = row * dst_rowsize;
        src = in + src_offset;
        dst = out + dst_offset;

        /* pack the data into the scanline */
        switch (shift_width)
        {
            case 0:
                if (extractContigSamplesBytes(src, dst, cols, sample, spp, bps,
                                              count, 0, cols))
                    return (1);
                break;
            case 1:
                if (bps == 1)
                {
                    if (extractContigSamples8bits(src, dst, cols, sample, spp,
                                                  bps, count, 0, cols))
                        return (1);
                    break;
                }
                else if (extractContigSamples16bits(src, dst, cols, sample, spp,
                                                    bps, count, 0, cols))
                    return (1);
                break;
            case 2:
                if (extractContigSamples24bits(src, dst, cols, sample, spp, bps,
                                               count, 0, cols))
                    return (1);
                break;
            case 3:
            case 4:
            case 5:
                if (extractContigSamples32bits(src, dst, cols, sample, spp, bps,
                                               count, 0, cols))
                    return (1);
                break;
            default:
                TIFFError("extractContigSamplesToTileBuffer",
                          "Unsupported bit depth: %" PRIu16, bps);
                return (1);
        }
        if ((dump->outfile != NULL) && (dump->level == 4))
            dump_buffer(dump->outfile, dump->format, 1, dst_rowsize, row, dst);
    }

    return (0);
} /* end extractContigSamplesToTileBuffer */

static int readContigStripsIntoBuffer(TIFF *in, uint8_t *buf)
{
    uint8_t *bufp = buf;
    tmsize_t bytes_read = 0;
    uint32_t strip, nstrips = TIFFNumberOfStrips(in);
    tmsize_t stripsize = TIFFStripSize(in);
    tmsize_t rows = 0;
    uint32_t rps = TIFFGetFieldDefaulted(in, TIFFTAG_ROWSPERSTRIP, &rps);
    tsize_t scanline_size = TIFFScanlineSize(in);

    if (scanline_size == 0)
    {
        TIFFError("", "TIFF scanline size is zero!");
        return 0;
    }

    for (strip = 0; strip < nstrips; strip++)
    {
        bytes_read = TIFFReadEncodedStrip(in, strip, bufp, -1);
        rows = bytes_read / scanline_size;
        if ((strip < (nstrips - 1)) && (bytes_read != (int32_t)stripsize))
            TIFFError("",
                      "Strip %" PRIu32 ": read %" PRId64
                      " bytes, strip size %" PRIu64,
                      strip + 1, (uint64_t)bytes_read, (uint64_t)stripsize);

        if (bytes_read < 0 && !ignore)
        {
            TIFFError("",
                      "Error reading strip %" PRIu32 " after %" PRIu64 " rows",
                      strip, (uint64_t)rows);
            return 0;
        }
        bufp += stripsize;
    }

    return 1;
} /* end readContigStripsIntoBuffer */

static int combineSeparateSamplesBytes(unsigned char *srcbuffs[],
                                       unsigned char *out, uint32_t cols,
                                       uint32_t rows, uint16_t spp,
                                       uint16_t bps, FILE *dumpfile, int format,
                                       int level)
{
    int i, bytes_per_sample;
    uint32_t row, col, col_offset, src_rowsize, dst_rowsize, row_offset;
    unsigned char *src;
    unsigned char *dst;
    tsample_t s;

    src = srcbuffs[0];
    dst = out;
    if ((src == NULL) || (dst == NULL))
    {
        TIFFError("combineSeparateSamplesBytes", "Invalid buffer address");
        return (1);
    }

    bytes_per_sample = (bps + 7) / 8;

    src_rowsize = ((bps * cols) + 7) / 8;
    dst_rowsize = ((bps * spp * cols) + 7) / 8;
    for (row = 0; row < rows; row++)
    {
        if ((dumpfile != NULL) && (level == 2))
        {
            for (s = 0; s < spp; s++)
            {
                dump_info(dumpfile, format, "combineSeparateSamplesBytes",
                          "Input data, Sample %" PRIu16, s);
                dump_buffer(dumpfile, format, 1, cols, row,
                            srcbuffs[s] + (row * src_rowsize));
            }
        }
        dst = out + (row * dst_rowsize);
        row_offset = row * src_rowsize;
        for (col = 0; col < cols; col++)
        {
            col_offset = row_offset + (col * (bps / 8));
            for (s = 0; (s < spp) && (s < MAX_SAMPLES); s++)
            {
                src = srcbuffs[s] + col_offset;
                for (i = 0; i < bytes_per_sample; i++)
                    *(dst + i) = *(src + i);
                src += bytes_per_sample;
                dst += bytes_per_sample;
            }
        }

        if ((dumpfile != NULL) && (level == 2))
        {
            dump_info(dumpfile, format, "combineSeparateSamplesBytes",
                      "Output data, combined samples");
            dump_buffer(dumpfile, format, 1, dst_rowsize, row,
                        out + (row * dst_rowsize));
        }
    }

    return (0);
} /* end combineSeparateSamplesBytes */

static int combineSeparateSamples8bits(uint8_t *in[], uint8_t *out,
                                       uint32_t cols, uint32_t rows,
                                       uint16_t spp, uint16_t bps,
                                       FILE *dumpfile, int format, int level)
{
    int ready_bits = 0;
    /* int    bytes_per_sample = 0; */
    uint32_t src_rowsize, dst_rowsize, src_offset;
    uint32_t bit_offset;
    uint32_t row, col, src_byte = 0, src_bit = 0;
    uint8_t maskbits = 0, matchbits = 0;
    uint8_t buff1 = 0, buff2 = 0;
    tsample_t s;
    unsigned char *src = in[0];
    unsigned char *dst = out;
    char action[32];

    if ((src == NULL) || (dst == NULL))
    {
        TIFFError("combineSeparateSamples8bits",
                  "Invalid input or output buffer");
        return (1);
    }

    /* bytes_per_sample = (bps + 7) / 8; */
    src_rowsize = ((bps * cols) + 7) / 8;
    dst_rowsize = ((bps * cols * spp) + 7) / 8;
    maskbits = (uint8_t)-1 >> (8 - bps);

    for (row = 0; row < rows; row++)
    {
        ready_bits = 0;
        buff1 = buff2 = 0;
        dst = out + (row * dst_rowsize);
        src_offset = row * src_rowsize;
        for (col = 0; col < cols; col++)
        {
            /* Compute src byte(s) and bits within byte(s) */
            bit_offset = col * bps;
            src_byte = bit_offset / 8;
            src_bit = bit_offset % 8;

            matchbits = maskbits << (8 - src_bit - bps);
            /* load up next sample from each plane */
            for (s = 0; (s < spp) && (s < MAX_SAMPLES); s++)
            {
                src = in[s] + src_offset + src_byte;
                buff1 = ((*src) & matchbits) << (src_bit);

                /* If we have a full buffer's worth, write it out */
                if (ready_bits >= 8)
                {
                    *dst++ = buff2;
                    buff2 = buff1;
                    ready_bits -= 8;
                    strcpy(action, "Flush");
                }
                else
                {
                    buff2 = (buff2 | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
                    strcpy(action, "Update");
                }
                ready_bits += bps;

                if ((dumpfile != NULL) && (level == 3))
                {
                    dump_info(dumpfile, format, "",
                              "Row %3" PRIu32 ", Col %3" PRIu32
                              ", Samples %" PRIu16 ", Src byte offset %3" PRIu32
                              "  bit offset %2" PRIu32 "  Dst offset %3td",
                              row + 1u, col + 1u, s, src_byte, src_bit,
                              dst - out);
                    dump_byte(dumpfile, format, "Match bits", matchbits);
                    dump_byte(dumpfile, format, "Src   bits", *src);
                    dump_byte(dumpfile, format, "Buff1 bits", buff1);
                    dump_byte(dumpfile, format, "Buff2 bits", buff2);
                    dump_info(dumpfile, format, "", "%s", action);
                }
            }
        }

        if (ready_bits > 0)
        {
            buff1 = (buff2 & ((unsigned int)255 << (8 - ready_bits)));
            *dst++ = buff1;
            if ((dumpfile != NULL) && (level == 3))
            {
                dump_info(dumpfile, format, "",
                          "Row %3" PRIu32 ", Col %3" PRIu32
                          ", Src byte offset %3" PRIu32 "  bit offset %2" PRIu32
                          "  Dst offset %3td",
                          row + 1u, col + 1u, src_byte, src_bit, dst - out);
                dump_byte(dumpfile, format, "Final bits", buff1);
            }
        }

        if ((dumpfile != NULL) && (level >= 2))
        {
            dump_info(dumpfile, format, "combineSeparateSamples8bits",
                      "Output data");
            dump_buffer(dumpfile, format, 1, dst_rowsize, row,
                        out + (row * dst_rowsize));
        }
    }

    return (0);
} /* end combineSeparateSamples8bits */

static int combineSeparateSamples16bits(uint8_t *in[], uint8_t *out,
                                        uint32_t cols, uint32_t rows,
                                        uint16_t spp, uint16_t bps,
                                        FILE *dumpfile, int format, int level)
{
    int ready_bits = 0 /*, bytes_per_sample = 0 */;
    uint32_t src_rowsize, dst_rowsize;
    uint32_t bit_offset, src_offset;
    uint32_t row, col, src_byte = 0, src_bit = 0;
    uint16_t maskbits = 0, matchbits = 0;
    uint16_t buff1 = 0, buff2 = 0;
    uint8_t bytebuff = 0;
    tsample_t s;
    unsigned char *src = in[0];
    unsigned char *dst = out;
    char action[8];

    if ((src == NULL) || (dst == NULL))
    {
        TIFFError("combineSeparateSamples16bits",
                  "Invalid input or output buffer");
        return (1);
    }

    /* bytes_per_sample = (bps + 7) / 8; */
    src_rowsize = ((bps * cols) + 7) / 8;
    dst_rowsize = ((bps * cols * spp) + 7) / 8;
    maskbits = (uint16_t)-1 >> (16 - bps);

    for (row = 0; row < rows; row++)
    {
        ready_bits = 0;
        buff1 = buff2 = 0;
        dst = out + (row * dst_rowsize);
        src_offset = row * src_rowsize;
        for (col = 0; col < cols; col++)
        {
            /* Compute src byte(s) and bits within byte(s) */
            bit_offset = col * bps;
            src_byte = bit_offset / 8;
            src_bit = bit_offset % 8;

            matchbits = maskbits << (16 - src_bit - bps);
            for (s = 0; (s < spp) && (s < MAX_SAMPLES); s++)
            {
                src = in[s] + src_offset + src_byte;
                if (little_endian)
                    buff1 = (src[0] << 8) | src[1];
                else
                    buff1 = (src[1] << 8) | src[0];

                buff1 = (buff1 & matchbits) << (src_bit);

                /* If we have a full buffer's worth, write it out */
                if (ready_bits >= 8)
                {
                    bytebuff = (buff2 >> 8);
                    *dst++ = bytebuff;
                    ready_bits -= 8;
                    /* shift in new bits */
                    buff2 = ((buff2 << 8) | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
                    strcpy(action, "Flush");
                }
                else
                { /* add another bps bits to the buffer */
                    bytebuff = 0;
                    buff2 = (buff2 | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
                    strcpy(action, "Update");
                }
                ready_bits += bps;

                if ((dumpfile != NULL) && (level == 3))
                {
                    dump_info(dumpfile, format, "",
                              "Row %3" PRIu32 ", Col %3" PRIu32
                              ", Samples %" PRIu16 ", Src byte offset %3" PRIu32
                              "  bit offset %2" PRIu32 "  Dst offset %3td",
                              row + 1u, col + 1u, s, src_byte, src_bit,
                              dst - out);

                    dump_short(dumpfile, format, "Match bits", matchbits);
                    dump_data(dumpfile, format, "Src   bits", src, 2);
                    dump_short(dumpfile, format, "Buff1 bits", buff1);
                    dump_short(dumpfile, format, "Buff2 bits", buff2);
                    dump_byte(dumpfile, format, "Write byte", bytebuff);
                    dump_info(dumpfile, format, "", "Ready bits:  %d, %s",
                              ready_bits, action);
                }
            }
        }

        /* catch any trailing bits at the end of the line */
        if (ready_bits > 0)
        {
            bytebuff = (buff2 >> 8);
            *dst++ = bytebuff;
            if ((dumpfile != NULL) && (level == 3))
            {
                dump_info(dumpfile, format, "",
                          "Row %3d, Col %3d, Src byte offset %3d  bit offset "
                          "%2d  Dst offset %3d",
                          row + 1, col + 1, src_byte, src_bit, dst - out);
                dump_byte(dumpfile, format, "Final bits", bytebuff);
            }
        }

        if ((dumpfile != NULL) && (level == 2))
        {
            dump_info(dumpfile, format, "combineSeparateSamples16bits",
                      "Output data");
            dump_buffer(dumpfile, format, 1, dst_rowsize, row,
                        out + (row * dst_rowsize));
        }
    }

    return (0);
} /* end combineSeparateSamples16bits */

static int combineSeparateSamples24bits(uint8_t *in[], uint8_t *out,
                                        uint32_t cols, uint32_t rows,
                                        uint16_t spp, uint16_t bps,
                                        FILE *dumpfile, int format, int level)
{
    int ready_bits = 0 /*, bytes_per_sample = 0 */;
    uint32_t src_rowsize, dst_rowsize;
    uint32_t bit_offset, src_offset;
    uint32_t row, col, src_byte = 0, src_bit = 0;
    uint32_t maskbits = 0, matchbits = 0;
    uint32_t buff1 = 0, buff2 = 0;
    uint8_t bytebuff1 = 0, bytebuff2 = 0;
    tsample_t s;
    unsigned char *src = in[0];
    unsigned char *dst = out;
    char action[8];

    if ((src == NULL) || (dst == NULL))
    {
        TIFFError("combineSeparateSamples24bits",
                  "Invalid input or output buffer");
        return (1);
    }

    /* bytes_per_sample = (bps + 7) / 8; */
    src_rowsize = ((bps * cols) + 7) / 8;
    dst_rowsize = ((bps * cols * spp) + 7) / 8;
    maskbits = (uint32_t)-1 >> (32 - bps);

    for (row = 0; row < rows; row++)
    {
        ready_bits = 0;
        buff1 = buff2 = 0;
        dst = out + (row * dst_rowsize);
        src_offset = row * src_rowsize;
        for (col = 0; col < cols; col++)
        {
            /* Compute src byte(s) and bits within byte(s) */
            bit_offset = col * bps;
            src_byte = bit_offset / 8;
            src_bit = bit_offset % 8;

            matchbits = maskbits << (32 - src_bit - bps);
            for (s = 0; (s < spp) && (s < MAX_SAMPLES); s++)
            {
                src = in[s] + src_offset + src_byte;
                if (little_endian)
                    buff1 = ((uint32_t)src[0] << 24) |
                            ((uint32_t)src[1] << 16) | ((uint32_t)src[2] << 8) |
                            (uint32_t)src[3];
                else
                    buff1 = ((uint32_t)src[3] << 24) |
                            ((uint32_t)src[2] << 16) | ((uint32_t)src[1] << 8) |
                            (uint32_t)src[0];
                buff1 = (buff1 & matchbits) << (src_bit);

                /* If we have a full buffer's worth, write it out */
                if (ready_bits >= 16)
                {
                    bytebuff1 = (buff2 >> 24);
                    *dst++ = bytebuff1;
                    bytebuff2 = (buff2 >> 16);
                    *dst++ = bytebuff2;
                    ready_bits -= 16;

                    /* shift in new bits */
                    buff2 = ((buff2 << 16) | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
                    strcpy(action, "Flush");
                }
                else
                { /* add another bps bits to the buffer */
                    bytebuff1 = bytebuff2 = 0;
                    buff2 = (buff2 | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
                    strcpy(action, "Update");
                }
                ready_bits += bps;

                if ((dumpfile != NULL) && (level == 3))
                {
                    dump_info(dumpfile, format, "",
                              "Row %3" PRIu32 ", Col %3" PRIu32
                              ", Samples %" PRIu16 ", Src byte offset %3" PRIu32
                              "  bit offset %2" PRIu32 "  Dst offset %3td",
                              row + 1u, col + 1u, s, src_byte, src_bit,
                              dst - out);
                    dump_long(dumpfile, format, "Match bits ", matchbits);
                    dump_data(dumpfile, format, "Src   bits ", src, 4);
                    dump_long(dumpfile, format, "Buff1 bits ", buff1);
                    dump_long(dumpfile, format, "Buff2 bits ", buff2);
                    dump_byte(dumpfile, format, "Write bits1", bytebuff1);
                    dump_byte(dumpfile, format, "Write bits2", bytebuff2);
                    dump_info(dumpfile, format, "", "Ready bits:   %d, %s",
                              ready_bits, action);
                }
            }
        }

        /* catch any trailing bits at the end of the line */
        while (ready_bits > 0)
        {
            bytebuff1 = (buff2 >> 24);
            *dst++ = bytebuff1;

            buff2 = (buff2 << 8);
            bytebuff2 = bytebuff1;
            ready_bits -= 8;
        }

        if ((dumpfile != NULL) && (level == 3))
        {
            dump_info(dumpfile, format, "",
                      "Row %3d, Col %3d, Src byte offset %3d  bit offset %2d  "
                      "Dst offset %3d",
                      row + 1, col + 1, src_byte, src_bit, dst - out);

            dump_long(dumpfile, format, "Match bits ", matchbits);
            dump_data(dumpfile, format, "Src   bits ", src, 4);
            dump_long(dumpfile, format, "Buff1 bits ", buff1);
            dump_long(dumpfile, format, "Buff2 bits ", buff2);
            dump_byte(dumpfile, format, "Write bits1", bytebuff1);
            dump_byte(dumpfile, format, "Write bits2", bytebuff2);
            dump_info(dumpfile, format, "", "Ready bits:  %2d", ready_bits);
        }

        if ((dumpfile != NULL) && (level == 2))
        {
            dump_info(dumpfile, format, "combineSeparateSamples24bits",
                      "Output data");
            dump_buffer(dumpfile, format, 1, dst_rowsize, row,
                        out + (row * dst_rowsize));
        }
    }

    return (0);
} /* end combineSeparateSamples24bits */

static int combineSeparateSamples32bits(uint8_t *in[], uint8_t *out,
                                        uint32_t cols, uint32_t rows,
                                        uint16_t spp, uint16_t bps,
                                        FILE *dumpfile, int format, int level)
{
    int ready_bits = 0 /*, bytes_per_sample = 0, shift_width = 0 */;
    uint32_t src_rowsize, dst_rowsize, bit_offset, src_offset;
    uint32_t src_byte = 0, src_bit = 0;
    uint32_t row, col;
    uint32_t longbuff1 = 0, longbuff2 = 0;
    uint64_t maskbits = 0, matchbits = 0;
    uint64_t buff1 = 0, buff2 = 0, buff3 = 0;
    uint8_t bytebuff1 = 0, bytebuff2 = 0, bytebuff3 = 0, bytebuff4 = 0;
    tsample_t s;
    unsigned char *src = in[0];
    unsigned char *dst = out;
    char action[8];

    if ((src == NULL) || (dst == NULL))
    {
        TIFFError("combineSeparateSamples32bits",
                  "Invalid input or output buffer");
        return (1);
    }

    /* bytes_per_sample = (bps + 7) / 8; */
    src_rowsize = ((bps * cols) + 7) / 8;
    dst_rowsize = ((bps * cols * spp) + 7) / 8;
    maskbits = (uint64_t)-1 >> (64 - bps);
    /* shift_width = ((bps + 7) / 8) + 1; */

    for (row = 0; row < rows; row++)
    {
        ready_bits = 0;
        buff1 = buff2 = 0;
        dst = out + (row * dst_rowsize);
        src_offset = row * src_rowsize;
        for (col = 0; col < cols; col++)
        {
            /* Compute src byte(s) and bits within byte(s) */
            bit_offset = col * bps;
            src_byte = bit_offset / 8;
            src_bit = bit_offset % 8;

            matchbits = maskbits << (64 - src_bit - bps);
            for (s = 0; (s < spp) && (s < MAX_SAMPLES); s++)
            {
                src = in[s] + src_offset + src_byte;
                if (little_endian)
                {
                    longbuff1 = (src[0] << 24) | (src[1] << 16) |
                                (src[2] << 8) | src[3];
                    longbuff2 = longbuff1;
                }
                else
                {
                    longbuff1 = (src[3] << 24) | (src[2] << 16) |
                                (src[1] << 8) | src[0];
                    longbuff2 = longbuff1;
                }
                buff3 = ((uint64_t)longbuff1 << 32) | longbuff2;
                buff1 = (buff3 & matchbits) << (src_bit);

                /* If we have a full buffer's worth, write it out */
                if (ready_bits >= 32)
                {
                    bytebuff1 = (uint8_t)(buff2 >> 56);
                    *dst++ = bytebuff1;
                    bytebuff2 = (uint8_t)(buff2 >> 48);
                    *dst++ = bytebuff2;
                    bytebuff3 = (uint8_t)(buff2 >> 40);
                    *dst++ = bytebuff3;
                    bytebuff4 = (uint8_t)(buff2 >> 32);
                    *dst++ = bytebuff4;
                    ready_bits -= 32;

                    /* shift in new bits */
                    buff2 = ((buff2 << 32) | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
                    strcpy(action, "Flush");
                }
                else
                { /* add another bps bits to the buffer */
                    bytebuff1 = bytebuff2 = bytebuff3 = bytebuff4 = 0;
                    buff2 = (buff2 | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
                    strcpy(action, "Update");
                }
                ready_bits += bps;

                if ((dumpfile != NULL) && (level == 3))
                {
                    dump_info(dumpfile, format, "",
                              "Row %3" PRIu32 ", Col %3" PRIu32
                              ", Sample %" PRIu16 ", Src byte offset %3" PRIu32
                              "  bit offset %2" PRIu32 "  Dst offset %3td",
                              row + 1u, col + 1u, s, src_byte, src_bit,
                              dst - out);
                    dump_wide(dumpfile, format, "Match bits ", matchbits);
                    dump_data(dumpfile, format, "Src   bits ", src, 8);
                    dump_wide(dumpfile, format, "Buff1 bits ", buff1);
                    dump_wide(dumpfile, format, "Buff2 bits ", buff2);
                    dump_info(dumpfile, format, "", "Ready bits:   %d, %s",
                              ready_bits, action);
                }
            }
        }
        while (ready_bits > 0)
        {
            bytebuff1 = (buff2 >> 56);
            *dst++ = bytebuff1;
            buff2 = (buff2 << 8);
            ready_bits -= 8;
        }

        if ((dumpfile != NULL) && (level == 3))
        {
            dump_info(dumpfile, format, "",
                      "Row %3d, Col %3d, Src byte offset %3d  bit offset %2d  "
                      "Dst offset %3d",
                      row + 1, col + 1, src_byte, src_bit, dst - out);

            dump_wide(dumpfile, format, "Match bits ", matchbits);
            dump_data(dumpfile, format, "Src   bits ", src, 4);
            dump_wide(dumpfile, format, "Buff1 bits ", buff1);
            dump_wide(dumpfile, format, "Buff2 bits ", buff2);
            dump_byte(dumpfile, format, "Write bits1", bytebuff1);
            dump_byte(dumpfile, format, "Write bits2", bytebuff2);
            dump_info(dumpfile, format, "", "Ready bits:  %2d", ready_bits);
        }

        if ((dumpfile != NULL) && (level == 2))
        {
            dump_info(dumpfile, format, "combineSeparateSamples32bits",
                      "Output data");
            dump_buffer(dumpfile, format, 1, dst_rowsize, row, out);
        }
    }

    return (0);
} /* end combineSeparateSamples32bits */

static int combineSeparateTileSamplesBytes(unsigned char *srcbuffs[],
                                           unsigned char *out, uint32_t cols,
                                           uint32_t rows, uint32_t imagewidth,
                                           uint32_t tw, uint16_t spp,
                                           uint16_t bps, FILE *dumpfile,
                                           int format, int level)
{
    int i, bytes_per_sample;
    uint32_t row, col, col_offset, src_rowsize, dst_rowsize, src_offset;
    unsigned char *src;
    unsigned char *dst;
    tsample_t s;

    src = srcbuffs[0];
    dst = out;
    if ((src == NULL) || (dst == NULL))
    {
        TIFFError("combineSeparateTileSamplesBytes", "Invalid buffer address");
        return (1);
    }

    bytes_per_sample = (bps + 7) / 8;
    src_rowsize = ((bps * tw) + 7) / 8;
    dst_rowsize = imagewidth * bytes_per_sample * spp;
    for (row = 0; row < rows; row++)
    {
        if ((dumpfile != NULL) && (level == 2))
        {
            for (s = 0; s < spp; s++)
            {
                dump_info(dumpfile, format, "combineSeparateTileSamplesBytes",
                          "Input data, Sample %" PRIu16, s);
                dump_buffer(dumpfile, format, 1, cols, row,
                            srcbuffs[s] + (row * src_rowsize));
            }
        }
        dst = out + (row * dst_rowsize);
        src_offset = row * src_rowsize;
#ifdef DEVELMODE
        TIFFError("", "Tile row %4d, Src offset %6d   Dst offset %6ld", row,
                  src_offset, dst - out);
#endif
        for (col = 0; col < cols; col++)
        {
            col_offset = src_offset + (col * (bps / 8));
            for (s = 0; (s < spp) && (s < MAX_SAMPLES); s++)
            {
                src = srcbuffs[s] + col_offset;
                for (i = 0; i < bytes_per_sample; i++)
                    *(dst + i) = *(src + i);
                dst += bytes_per_sample;
            }
        }

        if ((dumpfile != NULL) && (level == 2))
        {
            dump_info(dumpfile, format, "combineSeparateTileSamplesBytes",
                      "Output data, combined samples");
            dump_buffer(dumpfile, format, 1, dst_rowsize, row,
                        out + (row * dst_rowsize));
        }
    }

    return (0);
} /* end combineSeparateTileSamplesBytes */

static int combineSeparateTileSamples8bits(uint8_t *in[], uint8_t *out,
                                           uint32_t cols, uint32_t rows,
                                           uint32_t imagewidth, uint32_t tw,
                                           uint16_t spp, uint16_t bps,
                                           FILE *dumpfile, int format,
                                           int level)
{
    int ready_bits = 0;
    uint32_t src_rowsize, dst_rowsize, src_offset;
    uint32_t bit_offset;
    uint32_t row, col, src_byte = 0, src_bit = 0;
    uint8_t maskbits = 0, matchbits = 0;
    uint8_t buff1 = 0, buff2 = 0;
    tsample_t s;
    unsigned char *src = in[0];
    unsigned char *dst = out;
    char action[32];

    if ((src == NULL) || (dst == NULL))
    {
        TIFFError("combineSeparateTileSamples8bits",
                  "Invalid input or output buffer");
        return (1);
    }

    src_rowsize = ((bps * tw) + 7) / 8;
    dst_rowsize = ((imagewidth * bps * spp) + 7) / 8;
    maskbits = (uint8_t)-1 >> (8 - bps);

    for (row = 0; row < rows; row++)
    {
        ready_bits = 0;
        buff1 = buff2 = 0;
        dst = out + (row * dst_rowsize);
        src_offset = row * src_rowsize;
        for (col = 0; col < cols; col++)
        {
            /* Compute src byte(s) and bits within byte(s) */
            bit_offset = col * bps;
            src_byte = bit_offset / 8;
            src_bit = bit_offset % 8;

            matchbits = maskbits << (8 - src_bit - bps);
            /* load up next sample from each plane */
            for (s = 0; (s < spp) && (s < MAX_SAMPLES); s++)
            {
                src = in[s] + src_offset + src_byte;
                buff1 = ((*src) & matchbits) << (src_bit);

                /* If we have a full buffer's worth, write it out */
                if (ready_bits >= 8)
                {
                    *dst++ = buff2;
                    buff2 = buff1;
                    ready_bits -= 8;
                    strcpy(action, "Flush");
                }
                else
                {
                    buff2 = (buff2 | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
                    strcpy(action, "Update");
                }
                ready_bits += bps;

                if ((dumpfile != NULL) && (level == 3))
                {
                    dump_info(dumpfile, format, "",
                              "Row %3" PRIu32 ", Col %3" PRIu32
                              ", Samples %" PRIu16 ", Src byte offset %3" PRIu32
                              "  bit offset %2" PRIu32 "  Dst offset %3td",
                              row + 1u, col + 1u, s, src_byte, src_bit,
                              dst - out);
                    dump_byte(dumpfile, format, "Match bits", matchbits);
                    dump_byte(dumpfile, format, "Src   bits", *src);
                    dump_byte(dumpfile, format, "Buff1 bits", buff1);
                    dump_byte(dumpfile, format, "Buff2 bits", buff2);
                    dump_info(dumpfile, format, "", "%s", action);
                }
            }
        }

        if (ready_bits > 0)
        {
            buff1 = (buff2 & ((unsigned int)255 << (8 - ready_bits)));
            *dst++ = buff1;
            if ((dumpfile != NULL) && (level == 3))
            {
                dump_info(dumpfile, format, "",
                          "Row %3d, Col %3d, Src byte offset %3d  bit offset "
                          "%2d  Dst offset %3d",
                          row + 1, col + 1, src_byte, src_bit, dst - out);
                dump_byte(dumpfile, format, "Final bits", buff1);
            }
        }

        if ((dumpfile != NULL) && (level >= 2))
        {
            dump_info(dumpfile, format, "combineSeparateTileSamples8bits",
                      "Output data");
            dump_buffer(dumpfile, format, 1, dst_rowsize, row,
                        out + (row * dst_rowsize));
        }
    }

    return (0);
} /* end combineSeparateTileSamples8bits */

static int combineSeparateTileSamples16bits(uint8_t *in[], uint8_t *out,
                                            uint32_t cols, uint32_t rows,
                                            uint32_t imagewidth, uint32_t tw,
                                            uint16_t spp, uint16_t bps,
                                            FILE *dumpfile, int format,
                                            int level)
{
    int ready_bits = 0;
    uint32_t src_rowsize, dst_rowsize;
    uint32_t bit_offset, src_offset;
    uint32_t row, col, src_byte = 0, src_bit = 0;
    uint16_t maskbits = 0, matchbits = 0;
    uint16_t buff1 = 0, buff2 = 0;
    uint8_t bytebuff = 0;
    tsample_t s;
    unsigned char *src = in[0];
    unsigned char *dst = out;
    char action[8];

    if ((src == NULL) || (dst == NULL))
    {
        TIFFError("combineSeparateTileSamples16bits",
                  "Invalid input or output buffer");
        return (1);
    }

    src_rowsize = ((bps * tw) + 7) / 8;
    dst_rowsize = ((imagewidth * bps * spp) + 7) / 8;
    maskbits = (uint16_t)-1 >> (16 - bps);

    for (row = 0; row < rows; row++)
    {
        ready_bits = 0;
        buff1 = buff2 = 0;
        dst = out + (row * dst_rowsize);
        src_offset = row * src_rowsize;
        for (col = 0; col < cols; col++)
        {
            /* Compute src byte(s) and bits within byte(s) */
            bit_offset = col * bps;
            src_byte = bit_offset / 8;
            src_bit = bit_offset % 8;

            matchbits = maskbits << (16 - src_bit - bps);
            for (s = 0; (s < spp) && (s < MAX_SAMPLES); s++)
            {
                src = in[s] + src_offset + src_byte;
                if (little_endian)
                    buff1 = (src[0] << 8) | src[1];
                else
                    buff1 = (src[1] << 8) | src[0];
                buff1 = (buff1 & matchbits) << (src_bit);

                /* If we have a full buffer's worth, write it out */
                if (ready_bits >= 8)
                {
                    bytebuff = (buff2 >> 8);
                    *dst++ = bytebuff;
                    ready_bits -= 8;
                    /* shift in new bits */
                    buff2 = ((buff2 << 8) | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
                    strcpy(action, "Flush");
                }
                else
                { /* add another bps bits to the buffer */
                    bytebuff = 0;
                    buff2 = (buff2 | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
                    strcpy(action, "Update");
                }
                ready_bits += bps;

                if ((dumpfile != NULL) && (level == 3))
                {
                    dump_info(dumpfile, format, "",
                              "Row %3" PRIu32 ", Col %3" PRIu32
                              ", Samples %" PRIu16 ", Src byte offset %3" PRIu32
                              "  bit offset %2" PRIu32 "  Dst offset %3td",
                              row + 1u, col + 1u, s, src_byte, src_bit,
                              dst - out);

                    dump_short(dumpfile, format, "Match bits", matchbits);
                    dump_data(dumpfile, format, "Src   bits", src, 2);
                    dump_short(dumpfile, format, "Buff1 bits", buff1);
                    dump_short(dumpfile, format, "Buff2 bits", buff2);
                    dump_byte(dumpfile, format, "Write byte", bytebuff);
                    dump_info(dumpfile, format, "", "Ready bits:  %d, %s",
                              ready_bits, action);
                }
            }
        }

        /* catch any trailing bits at the end of the line */
        if (ready_bits > 0)
        {
            bytebuff = (buff2 >> 8);
            *dst++ = bytebuff;
            if ((dumpfile != NULL) && (level == 3))
            {
                dump_info(dumpfile, format, "",
                          "Row %3d, Col %3d, Src byte offset %3d  bit offset "
                          "%2d  Dst offset %3d",
                          row + 1, col + 1, src_byte, src_bit, dst - out);
                dump_byte(dumpfile, format, "Final bits", bytebuff);
            }
        }

        if ((dumpfile != NULL) && (level == 2))
        {
            dump_info(dumpfile, format, "combineSeparateTileSamples16bits",
                      "Output data");
            dump_buffer(dumpfile, format, 1, dst_rowsize, row,
                        out + (row * dst_rowsize));
        }
    }

    return (0);
} /* end combineSeparateTileSamples16bits */

static int combineSeparateTileSamples24bits(uint8_t *in[], uint8_t *out,
                                            uint32_t cols, uint32_t rows,
                                            uint32_t imagewidth, uint32_t tw,
                                            uint16_t spp, uint16_t bps,
                                            FILE *dumpfile, int format,
                                            int level)
{
    int ready_bits = 0;
    uint32_t src_rowsize, dst_rowsize;
    uint32_t bit_offset, src_offset;
    uint32_t row, col, src_byte = 0, src_bit = 0;
    uint32_t maskbits = 0, matchbits = 0;
    uint32_t buff1 = 0, buff2 = 0;
    uint8_t bytebuff1 = 0, bytebuff2 = 0;
    tsample_t s;
    unsigned char *src = in[0];
    unsigned char *dst = out;
    char action[8];

    if ((src == NULL) || (dst == NULL))
    {
        TIFFError("combineSeparateTileSamples24bits",
                  "Invalid input or output buffer");
        return (1);
    }

    src_rowsize = ((bps * tw) + 7) / 8;
    dst_rowsize = ((imagewidth * bps * spp) + 7) / 8;
    maskbits = (uint32_t)-1 >> (32 - bps);

    for (row = 0; row < rows; row++)
    {
        ready_bits = 0;
        buff1 = buff2 = 0;
        dst = out + (row * dst_rowsize);
        src_offset = row * src_rowsize;
        for (col = 0; col < cols; col++)
        {
            /* Compute src byte(s) and bits within byte(s) */
            bit_offset = col * bps;
            src_byte = bit_offset / 8;
            src_bit = bit_offset % 8;

            matchbits = maskbits << (32 - src_bit - bps);
            for (s = 0; (s < spp) && (s < MAX_SAMPLES); s++)
            {
                src = in[s] + src_offset + src_byte;
                if (little_endian)
                    buff1 = (src[0] << 24) | (src[1] << 16) | (src[2] << 8) |
                            src[3];
                else
                    buff1 = (src[3] << 24) | (src[2] << 16) | (src[1] << 8) |
                            src[0];
                buff1 = (buff1 & matchbits) << (src_bit);

                /* If we have a full buffer's worth, write it out */
                if (ready_bits >= 16)
                {
                    bytebuff1 = (buff2 >> 24);
                    *dst++ = bytebuff1;
                    bytebuff2 = (buff2 >> 16);
                    *dst++ = bytebuff2;
                    ready_bits -= 16;

                    /* shift in new bits */
                    buff2 = ((buff2 << 16) | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
                    strcpy(action, "Flush");
                }
                else
                { /* add another bps bits to the buffer */
                    bytebuff1 = bytebuff2 = 0;
                    buff2 = (buff2 | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
                    strcpy(action, "Update");
                }
                ready_bits += bps;

                if ((dumpfile != NULL) && (level == 3))
                {
                    dump_info(dumpfile, format, "",
                              "Row %3" PRIu32 ", Col %3" PRIu32
                              ", Samples %" PRIu16 ", Src byte offset %3" PRIu32
                              "  bit offset %2" PRIu32 "  Dst offset %3td",
                              row + 1u, col + 1u, s, src_byte, src_bit,
                              dst - out);
                    dump_long(dumpfile, format, "Match bits ", matchbits);
                    dump_data(dumpfile, format, "Src   bits ", src, 4);
                    dump_long(dumpfile, format, "Buff1 bits ", buff1);
                    dump_long(dumpfile, format, "Buff2 bits ", buff2);
                    dump_byte(dumpfile, format, "Write bits1", bytebuff1);
                    dump_byte(dumpfile, format, "Write bits2", bytebuff2);
                    dump_info(dumpfile, format, "", "Ready bits:   %d, %s",
                              ready_bits, action);
                }
            }
        }

        /* catch any trailing bits at the end of the line */
        while (ready_bits > 0)
        {
            bytebuff1 = (buff2 >> 24);
            *dst++ = bytebuff1;

            buff2 = (buff2 << 8);
            bytebuff2 = bytebuff1;
            ready_bits -= 8;
        }

        if ((dumpfile != NULL) && (level == 3))
        {
            dump_info(dumpfile, format, "",
                      "Row %3d, Col %3d, Src byte offset %3d  bit offset %2d  "
                      "Dst offset %3d",
                      row + 1, col + 1, src_byte, src_bit, dst - out);

            dump_long(dumpfile, format, "Match bits ", matchbits);
            dump_data(dumpfile, format, "Src   bits ", src, 4);
            dump_long(dumpfile, format, "Buff1 bits ", buff1);
            dump_long(dumpfile, format, "Buff2 bits ", buff2);
            dump_byte(dumpfile, format, "Write bits1", bytebuff1);
            dump_byte(dumpfile, format, "Write bits2", bytebuff2);
            dump_info(dumpfile, format, "", "Ready bits:  %2d", ready_bits);
        }

        if ((dumpfile != NULL) && (level == 2))
        {
            dump_info(dumpfile, format, "combineSeparateTileSamples24bits",
                      "Output data");
            dump_buffer(dumpfile, format, 1, dst_rowsize, row,
                        out + (row * dst_rowsize));
        }
    }

    return (0);
} /* end combineSeparateTileSamples24bits */

static int combineSeparateTileSamples32bits(uint8_t *in[], uint8_t *out,
                                            uint32_t cols, uint32_t rows,
                                            uint32_t imagewidth, uint32_t tw,
                                            uint16_t spp, uint16_t bps,
                                            FILE *dumpfile, int format,
                                            int level)
{
    int ready_bits = 0 /*, shift_width = 0 */;
    uint32_t src_rowsize, dst_rowsize, bit_offset, src_offset;
    uint32_t src_byte = 0, src_bit = 0;
    uint32_t row, col;
    uint32_t longbuff1 = 0, longbuff2 = 0;
    uint64_t maskbits = 0, matchbits = 0;
    uint64_t buff1 = 0, buff2 = 0, buff3 = 0;
    uint8_t bytebuff1 = 0, bytebuff2 = 0, bytebuff3 = 0, bytebuff4 = 0;
    tsample_t s;
    unsigned char *src = in[0];
    unsigned char *dst = out;
    char action[8];

    if ((src == NULL) || (dst == NULL))
    {
        TIFFError("combineSeparateTileSamples32bits",
                  "Invalid input or output buffer");
        return (1);
    }

    src_rowsize = ((bps * tw) + 7) / 8;
    dst_rowsize = ((imagewidth * bps * spp) + 7) / 8;
    maskbits = (uint64_t)-1 >> (64 - bps);
    /* shift_width = ((bps + 7) / 8) + 1; */

    for (row = 0; row < rows; row++)
    {
        ready_bits = 0;
        buff1 = buff2 = 0;
        dst = out + (row * dst_rowsize);
        src_offset = row * src_rowsize;
        for (col = 0; col < cols; col++)
        {
            /* Compute src byte(s) and bits within byte(s) */
            bit_offset = col * bps;
            src_byte = bit_offset / 8;
            src_bit = bit_offset % 8;

            matchbits = maskbits << (64 - src_bit - bps);
            for (s = 0; (s < spp) && (s < MAX_SAMPLES); s++)
            {
                src = in[s] + src_offset + src_byte;
                if (little_endian)
                {
                    longbuff1 = (src[0] << 24) | (src[1] << 16) |
                                (src[2] << 8) | src[3];
                    longbuff2 = longbuff1;
                }
                else
                {
                    longbuff1 = (src[3] << 24) | (src[2] << 16) |
                                (src[1] << 8) | src[0];
                    longbuff2 = longbuff1;
                }

                buff3 = ((uint64_t)longbuff1 << 32) | longbuff2;
                buff1 = (buff3 & matchbits) << (src_bit);

                /* If we have a full buffer's worth, write it out */
                if (ready_bits >= 32)
                {
                    bytebuff1 = (uint8_t)(buff2 >> 56);
                    *dst++ = bytebuff1;
                    bytebuff2 = (uint8_t)(buff2 >> 48);
                    *dst++ = bytebuff2;
                    bytebuff3 = (uint8_t)(buff2 >> 40);
                    *dst++ = bytebuff3;
                    bytebuff4 = (uint8_t)(buff2 >> 32);
                    *dst++ = bytebuff4;
                    ready_bits -= 32;

                    /* shift in new bits */
                    buff2 = ((buff2 << 32) | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
                    strcpy(action, "Flush");
                }
                else
                { /* add another bps bits to the buffer */
                    bytebuff1 = bytebuff2 = bytebuff3 = bytebuff4 = 0;
                    buff2 = (buff2 | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
                    strcpy(action, "Update");
                }
                ready_bits += bps;

                if ((dumpfile != NULL) && (level == 3))
                {
                    dump_info(dumpfile, format, "",
                              "Row %3" PRIu32 ", Col %3" PRIu32
                              ", Sample %" PRIu16 ", Src byte offset %3" PRIu32
                              "  bit offset %2" PRIu32 "  Dst offset %3td",
                              row + 1u, col + 1u, s, src_byte, src_bit,
                              dst - out);
                    dump_wide(dumpfile, format, "Match bits ", matchbits);
                    dump_data(dumpfile, format, "Src   bits ", src, 8);
                    dump_wide(dumpfile, format, "Buff1 bits ", buff1);
                    dump_wide(dumpfile, format, "Buff2 bits ", buff2);
                    dump_info(dumpfile, format, "", "Ready bits:   %d, %s",
                              ready_bits, action);
                }
            }
        }
        while (ready_bits > 0)
        {
            bytebuff1 = (buff2 >> 56);
            *dst++ = bytebuff1;
            buff2 = (buff2 << 8);
            ready_bits -= 8;
        }

        if ((dumpfile != NULL) && (level == 3))
        {
            dump_info(dumpfile, format, "",
                      "Row %3d, Col %3d, Src byte offset %3d  bit offset %2d  "
                      "Dst offset %3d",
                      row + 1, col + 1, src_byte, src_bit, dst - out);

            dump_wide(dumpfile, format, "Match bits ", matchbits);
            dump_data(dumpfile, format, "Src   bits ", src, 4);
            dump_wide(dumpfile, format, "Buff1 bits ", buff1);
            dump_wide(dumpfile, format, "Buff2 bits ", buff2);
            dump_byte(dumpfile, format, "Write bits1", bytebuff1);
            dump_byte(dumpfile, format, "Write bits2", bytebuff2);
            dump_info(dumpfile, format, "", "Ready bits:  %2d", ready_bits);
        }

        if ((dumpfile != NULL) && (level == 2))
        {
            dump_info(dumpfile, format, "combineSeparateTileSamples32bits",
                      "Output data");
            dump_buffer(dumpfile, format, 1, dst_rowsize, row, out);
        }
    }

    return (0);
} /* end combineSeparateTileSamples32bits */

static int readSeparateStripsIntoBuffer(TIFF *in, uint8_t *obuf,
                                        uint32_t length, uint32_t width,
                                        uint16_t spp, struct dump_opts *dump)
{
    int i, bytes_per_sample, bytes_per_pixel, shift_width, result = 1;
    uint32_t j;
    tmsize_t bytes_read = 0;
    uint16_t bps = 0, planar;
    uint32_t nstrips;
    uint32_t strips_per_sample;
    uint32_t src_rowsize, dst_rowsize, rows_processed, rps;
    uint32_t rows_this_strip = 0;
    tsample_t s;
    tstrip_t strip;
    tsize_t scanlinesize = TIFFScanlineSize(in);
    tsize_t stripsize = TIFFStripSize(in);
    unsigned char *srcbuffs[MAX_SAMPLES];
    unsigned char *buff = NULL;
    unsigned char *dst = NULL;

    if (obuf == NULL)
    {
        TIFFError("readSeparateStripsIntoBuffer", "Invalid buffer argument");
        return (0);
    }

    memset(srcbuffs, '\0', sizeof(srcbuffs));
    TIFFGetFieldDefaulted(in, TIFFTAG_BITSPERSAMPLE, &bps);
    TIFFGetFieldDefaulted(in, TIFFTAG_PLANARCONFIG, &planar);
    TIFFGetFieldDefaulted(in, TIFFTAG_ROWSPERSTRIP, &rps);
    if (rps > length)
        rps = length;

    bytes_per_sample = (bps + 7) / 8;
    bytes_per_pixel = ((bps * spp) + 7) / 8;
    if (bytes_per_pixel < (bytes_per_sample + 1))
        shift_width = bytes_per_pixel;
    else
        shift_width = bytes_per_sample + 1;

    src_rowsize = ((bps * width) + 7) / 8;
    dst_rowsize = ((bps * width * spp) + 7) / 8;
    dst = obuf;

    if ((dump->infile != NULL) && (dump->level == 3))
    {
        dump_info(dump->infile, dump->format, "",
                  "Image width %" PRIu32 ", length %" PRIu32
                  ", Scanline size, %4" PRId64 " bytes",
                  width, length, scanlinesize);
        dump_info(dump->infile, dump->format, "",
                  "Bits per sample %" PRIu16 ", Samples per pixel %" PRIu16
                  ", Shift width %d",
                  bps, spp, shift_width);
    }

    /* Libtiff seems to assume/require that data for separate planes are
     * written one complete plane after another and not interleaved in any way.
     * Multiple scanlines and possibly strips of the same plane must be
     * written before data for any other plane.
     */
    nstrips = TIFFNumberOfStrips(in);
    strips_per_sample = nstrips / spp;

    /* Add 3 padding bytes for combineSeparateSamples32bits */
    if ((size_t)stripsize > TIFF_TMSIZE_T_MAX - NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES)
    {
        TIFFError("readSeparateStripsIntoBuffer",
                  "Integer overflow when calculating buffer size.");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    for (s = 0; (s < spp) && (s < MAX_SAMPLES); s++)
    {
        srcbuffs[s] = NULL;
        buff = limitMalloc(stripsize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);
        if (!buff)
        {
            TIFFError(
                "readSeparateStripsIntoBuffer",
                "Unable to allocate strip read buffer for sample %" PRIu16, s);
            for (i = 0; i < s; i++)
                _TIFFfree(srcbuffs[i]);
            return 0;
        }
        buff[stripsize] = 0;
        buff[stripsize + 1] = 0;
        buff[stripsize + 2] = 0;
        srcbuffs[s] = buff;
    }

    rows_processed = 0;
    for (j = 0; (j < strips_per_sample) && (result == 1); j++)
    {
        for (s = 0; (s < spp) && (s < MAX_SAMPLES); s++)
        {
            buff = srcbuffs[s];
            strip = (s * strips_per_sample) + j;
            bytes_read = TIFFReadEncodedStrip(in, strip, buff, stripsize);
            rows_this_strip = (uint32_t)(bytes_read / src_rowsize);
            if (bytes_read < 0 && !ignore)
            {
                TIFFError(TIFFFileName(in),
                          "Error, can't read strip %" PRIu32
                          " for sample %" PRIu32,
                          strip, s + 1u);
                result = 0;
                break;
            }
#ifdef DEVELMODE
            TIFFError("",
                      "Strip %2" PRIu32 ", read %5l" PRId32
                      " bytes for %4" PRIu32 " scanlines, shift width %d",
                      strip, bytes_read, rows_this_strip, shift_width);
#endif
        }

        if (rps > rows_this_strip)
            rps = rows_this_strip;
        dst = obuf + (dst_rowsize * rows_processed);
        if ((bps % 8) == 0)
        {
            if (combineSeparateSamplesBytes(srcbuffs, dst, width, rps, spp, bps,
                                            dump->infile, dump->format,
                                            dump->level))
            {
                result = 0;
                break;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            switch (shift_width)
            {
                case 1:
                    if (combineSeparateSamples8bits(srcbuffs, dst, width, rps,
                                                    spp, bps, dump->infile,
                                                    dump->format, dump->level))
                    {
                        result = 0;
                        break;
                    }
                    break;
                case 2:
                    if (combineSeparateSamples16bits(srcbuffs, dst, width, rps,
                                                     spp, bps, dump->infile,
                                                     dump->format, dump->level))
                    {
                        result = 0;
                        break;
                    }
                    break;
                case 3:
                    if (combineSeparateSamples24bits(srcbuffs, dst, width, rps,
                                                     spp, bps, dump->infile,
                                                     dump->format, dump->level))
                    {
                        result = 0;
                        break;
                    }
                    break;
                case 4:
                case 5:
                case 6:
                case 7:
                case 8:
                    if (combineSeparateSamples32bits(srcbuffs, dst, width, rps,
                                                     spp, bps, dump->infile,
                                                     dump->format, dump->level))
                    {
                        result = 0;
                        break;
                    }
                    break;
                default:
                    TIFFError("readSeparateStripsIntoBuffer",
                              "Unsupported bit depth: %" PRIu16, bps);
                    result = 0;
                    break;
            }
        }

        if ((rows_processed + rps) > length)
        {
            rows_processed = length;
            rps = length - rows_processed;
        }
        else
            rows_processed += rps;
    }

    /* free any buffers allocated for each plane or scanline and
     * any temporary buffers
     */
    for (s = 0; (s < spp) && (s < MAX_SAMPLES); s++)
    {
        buff = srcbuffs[s];
        if (buff != NULL)
            _TIFFfree(buff);
    }

    return (result);
} /* end readSeparateStripsIntoBuffer */

static int get_page_geometry(char *name, struct pagedef *page)
{
    char *ptr;
    unsigned int n;

    for (ptr = name; *ptr; ptr++)
        *ptr = (char)tolower((int)*ptr);

    for (n = 0; n < MAX_PAPERNAMES; n++)
    {
        if (strcmp(name, PaperTable[n].name) == 0)
        {
            page->width = PaperTable[n].width;
            page->length = PaperTable[n].length;
            strncpy(page->name, PaperTable[n].name, 15);
            page->name[15] = '\0';
            return (0);
        }
    }

    return (1);
}

static void initPageSetup(struct pagedef *page, struct pageseg *pagelist,
                          struct buffinfo seg_buffs[])
{
    int i;

    strcpy(page->name, "");
    page->mode = PAGE_MODE_NONE;
    page->res_unit = RESUNIT_NONE;
    page->hres = 0.0;
    page->vres = 0.0;
    page->width = 0.0;
    page->length = 0.0;
    page->hmargin = 0.0;
    page->vmargin = 0.0;
    page->rows = 0;
    page->cols = 0;
    page->orient = ORIENTATION_NONE;

    for (i = 0; i < MAX_SECTIONS; i++)
    {
        pagelist[i].x1 = (uint32_t)0;
        pagelist[i].x2 = (uint32_t)0;
        pagelist[i].y1 = (uint32_t)0;
        pagelist[i].y2 = (uint32_t)0;
        pagelist[i].buffsize = (uint32_t)0;
        pagelist[i].position = 0;
        pagelist[i].total = 0;
    }

    for (i = 0; i < MAX_OUTBUFFS; i++)
    {
        seg_buffs[i].size = 0;
        seg_buffs[i].buffer = NULL;
    }
}

static void initImageData(struct image_data *image)
{
    image->xres = 0.0;
    image->yres = 0.0;
    image->width = 0;
    image->length = 0;
    image->res_unit = RESUNIT_NONE;
    image->bps = 0;
    image->spp = 0;
    image->planar = 0;
    image->photometric = 0;
    image->orientation = 0;
    image->compression = COMPRESSION_NONE;
    image->adjustments = 0;
}

static void initCropMasks(struct crop_mask *cps)
{
    int i;

    cps->crop_mode = CROP_NONE;
    cps->res_unit = RESUNIT_NONE;
    cps->edge_ref = EDGE_TOP;
    cps->width = 0;
    cps->length = 0;
    for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)
        cps->margins[i] = 0.0;
    cps->bufftotal = (uint32_t)0;
    cps->combined_width = (uint32_t)0;
    cps->combined_length = (uint32_t)0;
    cps->rotation = (uint16_t)0;
    cps->photometric = INVERT_DATA_AND_TAG;
    cps->mirror = (uint16_t)0;
    cps->invert = (uint16_t)0;
    cps->zones = (uint32_t)0;
    cps->regions = (uint32_t)0;
    for (i = 0; i < MAX_REGIONS; i++)
    {
        cps->corners[i].X1 = 0.0;
        cps->corners[i].X2 = 0.0;
        cps->corners[i].Y1 = 0.0;
        cps->corners[i].Y2 = 0.0;
        cps->regionlist[i].x1 = 0;
        cps->regionlist[i].x2 = 0;
        cps->regionlist[i].y1 = 0;
        cps->regionlist[i].y2 = 0;
        cps->regionlist[i].width = 0;
        cps->regionlist[i].length = 0;
        cps->regionlist[i].buffsize = 0;
        cps->zonelist[i].position = 0;
        cps->zonelist[i].total = 0;
    }
    cps->exp_mode = ONE_FILE_COMPOSITE;
    cps->img_mode = COMPOSITE_IMAGES;
}

static void initDumpOptions(struct dump_opts *dump)
{
    dump->debug = 0;
    dump->format = DUMP_NONE;
    dump->level = 1;
    sprintf(dump->mode, "w");
    memset(dump->infilename, '\0', PATH_MAX + 1);
    memset(dump->outfilename, '\0', PATH_MAX + 1);
    dump->infile = NULL;
    dump->outfile = NULL;
}

/* Compute pixel offsets into the image for margins and fixed regions */
static int computeInputPixelOffsets(struct crop_mask *crop,
                                    struct image_data *image,
                                    struct offset *off)
{
    double scale;
    float xres, yres;
    /* Values for these offsets are in pixels from start of image, not bytes,
     * and are indexed from zero to width - 1 or length - 1 */
    uint32_t tmargin, bmargin, lmargin, rmargin;
    uint32_t startx, endx; /* offsets of first and last columns to extract */
    uint32_t starty, endy; /* offsets of first and last row to extract */
    uint32_t width, length, crop_width, crop_length;
    uint32_t i, max_width, max_length, zwidth, zlength, buffsize;
    uint32_t x1, x2, y1, y2;

    if (image->res_unit != RESUNIT_INCH &&
        image->res_unit != RESUNIT_CENTIMETER)
    {
        xres = 1.0;
        yres = 1.0;
    }
    else
    {
        if (((image->xres == 0) || (image->yres == 0)) &&
            (crop->res_unit != RESUNIT_NONE) &&
            ((crop->crop_mode & CROP_REGIONS) ||
             (crop->crop_mode & CROP_MARGINS) ||
             (crop->crop_mode & CROP_LENGTH) || (crop->crop_mode & CROP_WIDTH)))
        {
            TIFFError("computeInputPixelOffsets",
                      "Cannot compute margins or fixed size sections without "
                      "image resolution");
            TIFFError("computeInputPixelOffsets",
                      "Specify units in pixels and try again");
            return (-1);
        }
        xres = image->xres;
        yres = image->yres;
    }

    /* Translate user units to image units */
    scale = 1.0;
    switch (crop->res_unit)
    {
        case RESUNIT_CENTIMETER:
            if (image->res_unit == RESUNIT_INCH)
                scale = 1.0 / 2.54;
            break;
        case RESUNIT_INCH:
            if (image->res_unit == RESUNIT_CENTIMETER)
                scale = 2.54;
            break;
        case RESUNIT_NONE: /* Dimensions in pixels */
        default:
            break;
    }

    if (crop->crop_mode & CROP_REGIONS)
    {
        max_width = max_length = 0;
        for (i = 0; i < crop->regions; i++)
        {
            if ((crop->res_unit == RESUNIT_INCH) ||
                (crop->res_unit == RESUNIT_CENTIMETER))
            {
                x1 = _TIFFClampDoubleToUInt32(crop->corners[i].X1 * scale *
                                              xres);
                x2 = _TIFFClampDoubleToUInt32(crop->corners[i].X2 * scale *
                                              xres);
                y1 = _TIFFClampDoubleToUInt32(crop->corners[i].Y1 * scale *
                                              yres);
                y2 = _TIFFClampDoubleToUInt32(crop->corners[i].Y2 * scale *
                                              yres);
            }
            else
            {
                x1 = _TIFFClampDoubleToUInt32(crop->corners[i].X1);
                x2 = _TIFFClampDoubleToUInt32(crop->corners[i].X2);
                y1 = _TIFFClampDoubleToUInt32(crop->corners[i].Y1);
                y2 = _TIFFClampDoubleToUInt32(crop->corners[i].Y2);
            }
            /* a) Region needs to be within image sizes 0.. width-1; 0..length-1
             * b) Corners are expected to be submitted as top-left to
             * bottom-right. Therefore, check that and reorder input. (be aware
             * x,y are already casted to (uint32_t) and avoid (0 - 1) )
             */
            uint32_t aux;
            if (x1 > x2)
            {
                aux = x1;
                x1 = x2;
                x2 = aux;
            }
            if (y1 > y2)
            {
                aux = y1;
                y1 = y2;
                y2 = aux;
            }
            if (x1 > image->width - 1)
                crop->regionlist[i].x1 = image->width - 1;
            else if (x1 > 0)
                crop->regionlist[i].x1 = (uint32_t)(x1 - 1);

            if (x2 > image->width - 1)
                crop->regionlist[i].x2 = image->width - 1;
            else if (x2 > 0)
                crop->regionlist[i].x2 = (uint32_t)(x2 - 1);

            zwidth = crop->regionlist[i].x2 - crop->regionlist[i].x1 + 1;

            if (y1 > image->length - 1)
                crop->regionlist[i].y1 = image->length - 1;
            else if (y1 > 0)
                crop->regionlist[i].y1 = (uint32_t)(y1 - 1);

            if (y2 > image->length - 1)
                crop->regionlist[i].y2 = image->length - 1;
            else if (y2 > 0)
                crop->regionlist[i].y2 = (uint32_t)(y2 - 1);

            zlength = crop->regionlist[i].y2 - crop->regionlist[i].y1 + 1;
            if (zwidth > max_width)
                max_width = zwidth;
            if (zlength > max_length)
                max_length = zlength;

            buffsize = (uint32_t)(((zwidth * image->bps * image->spp + 7) / 8) *
                                  (zlength + 1));

            crop->regionlist[i].buffsize = buffsize;
            crop->bufftotal += buffsize;

            /* For composite images with more than one region, the
             * combined_length or combined_width always needs to be equal,
             * respectively.
             * Otherwise, even the first section/region copy
             * action might cause buffer overrun. */
            if (crop->img_mode == COMPOSITE_IMAGES)
            {
                switch (crop->edge_ref)
                {
                    case EDGE_LEFT:
                    case EDGE_RIGHT:
                        if (i > 0 && zlength != crop->combined_length)
                        {
                            TIFFError(
                                "computeInputPixelOffsets",
                                "Only equal length regions can be combined for "
                                "-E left or right");
                            return (-1);
                        }
                        crop->combined_length = zlength;
                        crop->combined_width += zwidth;
                        break;
                    case EDGE_BOTTOM:
                    case EDGE_TOP: /* width from left, length from top */
                    default:
                        if (i > 0 && zwidth != crop->combined_width)
                        {
                            TIFFError("computeInputPixelOffsets",
                                      "Only equal width regions can be "
                                      "combined for -E "
                                      "top or bottom");
                            return (-1);
                        }
                        crop->combined_width = zwidth;
                        crop->combined_length += zlength;
                        break;
                }
            }
        }
        return (0);
    } /* crop_mode == CROP_REGIONS */

    /* Convert crop margins into offsets into image
     * Margins are expressed as pixel rows and columns, not bytes
     */
    if (crop->crop_mode & CROP_MARGINS)
    {
        if (crop->res_unit != RESUNIT_INCH &&
            crop->res_unit != RESUNIT_CENTIMETER)
        { /* User has specified pixels as reference unit */
            tmargin = _TIFFClampDoubleToUInt32(crop->margins[0]);
            lmargin = _TIFFClampDoubleToUInt32(crop->margins[1]);
            bmargin = _TIFFClampDoubleToUInt32(crop->margins[2]);
            rmargin = _TIFFClampDoubleToUInt32(crop->margins[3]);
        }
        else
        { /* inches or centimeters specified */
            tmargin = _TIFFClampDoubleToUInt32(crop->margins[0] * scale * yres);
            lmargin = _TIFFClampDoubleToUInt32(crop->margins[1] * scale * xres);
            bmargin = _TIFFClampDoubleToUInt32(crop->margins[2] * scale * yres);
            rmargin = _TIFFClampDoubleToUInt32(crop->margins[3] * scale * xres);
        }

        if ((lmargin + rmargin) > image->width)
        {
            TIFFError("computeInputPixelOffsets",
                      "Combined left and right margins exceed image width");
            lmargin = (uint32_t)0;
            rmargin = (uint32_t)0;
            return (-1);
        }
        if ((tmargin + bmargin) > image->length)
        {
            TIFFError("computeInputPixelOffsets",
                      "Combined top and bottom margins exceed image length");
            tmargin = (uint32_t)0;
            bmargin = (uint32_t)0;
            return (-1);
        }
    } /* crop_mode == CROP_MARGINS */
    else
    { /* no margins requested */
        tmargin = (uint32_t)0;
        lmargin = (uint32_t)0;
        bmargin = (uint32_t)0;
        rmargin = (uint32_t)0;
    }

    /* Width, height, and margins are expressed as pixel offsets into image */
    if (crop->res_unit != RESUNIT_INCH && crop->res_unit != RESUNIT_CENTIMETER)
    {
        if (crop->crop_mode & CROP_WIDTH)
            width = _TIFFClampDoubleToUInt32(crop->width);
        else
            width = image->width - lmargin - rmargin;

        if (crop->crop_mode & CROP_LENGTH)
            length = _TIFFClampDoubleToUInt32(crop->length);
        else
            length = image->length - tmargin - bmargin;
    }
    else
    {
        if (crop->crop_mode & CROP_WIDTH)
            width = _TIFFClampDoubleToUInt32(crop->width * scale * image->xres);
        else
            width = image->width - lmargin - rmargin;

        if (crop->crop_mode & CROP_LENGTH)
            length =
                _TIFFClampDoubleToUInt32(crop->length * scale * image->yres);
        else
            length = image->length - tmargin - bmargin;
    }

    off->tmargin = tmargin;
    off->bmargin = bmargin;
    off->lmargin = lmargin;
    off->rmargin = rmargin;

    /* Calculate regions defined by margins, width, and length.
     * Coordinates expressed as 0 to imagewidth - 1, imagelength - 1,
     * since they are used to compute offsets into buffers */
    switch (crop->edge_ref)
    {
        case EDGE_BOTTOM:
            startx = lmargin;
            if ((startx + width) >= (image->width - rmargin))
                endx = image->width - rmargin - 1;
            else
                endx = startx + width - 1;

            endy = image->length - bmargin - 1;
            if ((endy - length) <= tmargin)
                starty = tmargin;
            else
                starty = endy - length + 1;
            break;
        case EDGE_RIGHT:
            endx = image->width - rmargin - 1;
            if ((endx - width) <= lmargin)
                startx = lmargin;
            else
                startx = endx - width + 1;

            starty = tmargin;
            if ((starty + length) >= (image->length - bmargin))
                endy = image->length - bmargin - 1;
            else
                endy = starty + length - 1;
            break;
        case EDGE_TOP: /* width from left, length from top */
        case EDGE_LEFT:
        default:
            startx = lmargin;
            if ((startx + width) >= (image->width - rmargin))
                endx = image->width - rmargin - 1;
            else
                endx = startx + width - 1;

            starty = tmargin;
            if ((starty + length) >= (image->length - bmargin))
                endy = image->length - bmargin - 1;
            else
                endy = starty + length - 1;
            break;
    }
    off->startx = startx;
    off->starty = starty;
    off->endx = endx;
    off->endy = endy;

    if (endx + 1 <= startx)
    {
        TIFFError(
            "computeInputPixelOffsets",
            "Invalid left/right margins and /or image crop width requested");
        return (-1);
    }
    crop_width = endx - startx + 1;
    if (crop_width > image->width)
        crop_width = image->width;

    if (endy + 1 <= starty)
    {
        TIFFError(
            "computeInputPixelOffsets",
            "Invalid top/bottom margins and /or image crop length requested");
        return (-1);
    }
    crop_length = endy - starty + 1;
    if (crop_length > image->length)
        crop_length = image->length;

    off->crop_width = crop_width;
    off->crop_length = crop_length;

    return (0);
} /* end computeInputPixelOffsets */

/*
 * Translate crop options into pixel offsets for one or more regions of the
 * image. Options are applied in this order: margins, specific width and length,
 * zones, but all are optional. Margins are relative to each edge. Width, length
 * and zones are relative to the specified reference edge. Zones are expressed
 * as X:Y where X is the ordinal value in a set of Y equal sized portions. eg.
 * 2:3 would indicate the middle third of the region qualified by margins and
 * any explicit width and length specified. Regions are specified by coordinates
 * of the top left and lower right corners with range 1 to width or height.
 */

static int getCropOffsets(struct image_data *image, struct crop_mask *crop,
                          struct dump_opts *dump)
{
    struct offset offsets;
    int i;
    uint32_t uaux;
    uint32_t seg, total, need_buff = 0;
    uint32_t buffsize;
    uint32_t zwidth, zlength;

    memset(&offsets, '\0', sizeof(struct offset));
    crop->bufftotal = 0;
    crop->combined_width = (uint32_t)0;
    crop->combined_length = (uint32_t)0;
    crop->selections = 0;

    /* Compute pixel offsets if margins or fixed width or length specified */
    if ((crop->crop_mode & CROP_MARGINS) || (crop->crop_mode & CROP_REGIONS) ||
        (crop->crop_mode & CROP_LENGTH) || (crop->crop_mode & CROP_WIDTH))
    {
        if (computeInputPixelOffsets(crop, image, &offsets))
        {
            TIFFError("getCropOffsets", "Unable to compute crop margins");
            return (-1);
        }
        need_buff = TRUE;
        crop->selections = crop->regions;
        /* Regions are only calculated from top and left edges with no margins
         */
        if (crop->crop_mode & CROP_REGIONS)
            return (0);
    }
    else
    { /* cropped area is the full image */
        offsets.tmargin = 0;
        offsets.lmargin = 0;
        offsets.bmargin = 0;
        offsets.rmargin = 0;
        offsets.crop_width = image->width;
        offsets.crop_length = image->length;
        offsets.startx = 0;
        offsets.endx = image->width - 1;
        offsets.starty = 0;
        offsets.endy = image->length - 1;
        need_buff = FALSE;
    }

    if (dump->outfile != NULL)
    {
        dump_info(dump->outfile, dump->format, "",
                  "Margins: Top: %" PRIu32 "  Left: %" PRIu32
                  "  Bottom: %" PRIu32 "  Right: %" PRIu32,
                  offsets.tmargin, offsets.lmargin, offsets.bmargin,
                  offsets.rmargin);
        dump_info(dump->outfile, dump->format, "",
                  "Crop region within margins: Adjusted Width:  %6" PRIu32
                  "  Length: %6" PRIu32,
                  offsets.crop_width, offsets.crop_length);
    }

    if (!(crop->crop_mode & CROP_ZONES)) /* no crop zones requested */
    {
        if (need_buff == FALSE) /* No margins or fixed width or length areas */
        {
            crop->selections = 0;
            crop->combined_width = image->width;
            crop->combined_length = image->length;
            return (0);
        }
        else
        {
            /* Use one region for margins and fixed width or length areas
             * even though it was not formally declared as a region.
             */
            crop->selections = 1;
            crop->zones = 1;
            crop->zonelist[0].total = 1;
            crop->zonelist[0].position = 1;
        }
    }
    else
        crop->selections = crop->zones;

    /* Initialize regions iterator i */
    i = 0;
    for (int j = 0; j < crop->zones; j++)
    {
        seg = crop->zonelist[j].position;
        total = crop->zonelist[j].total;

        /* check for not allowed zone cases like 0:0; 4:3; or negative ones etc.
         * and skip that input */
        if (crop->zonelist[j].position < 0 || crop->zonelist[j].total < 0)
        {
            TIFFError("getCropOffsets",
                      "Negative crop zone values %d:%d are not allowed, thus "
                      "skipped.",
                      crop->zonelist[j].position, crop->zonelist[j].total);
            continue;
        }
        if (seg == 0 || total == 0 || seg > total)
        {
            TIFFError("getCropOffsets",
                      "Crop zone %d:%d is out of specification, thus skipped.",
                      seg, total);
            continue;
        }

        switch (crop->edge_ref)
        {
            case EDGE_LEFT: /* zones from left to right, length from top */
                zlength = offsets.crop_length;
                crop->regionlist[i].y1 = offsets.starty;
                crop->regionlist[i].y2 = offsets.endy;

                crop->regionlist[i].x1 =
                    offsets.startx +
                    (uint32_t)(offsets.crop_width * 1.0 * (seg - 1) / total);
                /* FAULT: IMHO in the old code here, the calculation of x2 was
                 * based on wrong assumtions. The whole image was assumed and
                 * 'endy' and 'starty' are not respected anymore!*/
                /* NEW PROPOSED Code: Assumption: offsets are within image with
                 * top left corner as origin (0,0) and 'start' <= 'end'. */
                if (crop->regionlist[i].x1 > offsets.endx)
                {
                    crop->regionlist[i].x1 = offsets.endx;
                }
                else if (crop->regionlist[i].x1 >= image->width)
                {
                    crop->regionlist[i].x1 = image->width - 1;
                }

                crop->regionlist[i].x2 =
                    offsets.startx +
                    (uint32_t)(offsets.crop_width * 1.0 * seg / total);
                if (crop->regionlist[i].x2 > 0)
                    crop->regionlist[i].x2 = crop->regionlist[i].x2 - 1;
                if (crop->regionlist[i].x2 < crop->regionlist[i].x1)
                {
                    crop->regionlist[i].x2 = crop->regionlist[i].x1;
                }
                else if (crop->regionlist[i].x2 > offsets.endx)
                {
                    crop->regionlist[i].x2 = offsets.endx;
                }
                else if (crop->regionlist[i].x2 >= image->width)
                {
                    crop->regionlist[i].x2 = image->width - 1;
                }
                zwidth = crop->regionlist[i].x2 - crop->regionlist[i].x1 + 1;

                /* This is passed to extractCropZone or extractCompositeZones */
                crop->combined_length = (uint32_t)zlength;
                if (crop->exp_mode == COMPOSITE_IMAGES)
                    crop->combined_width += (uint32_t)zwidth;
                else
                    crop->combined_width = (uint32_t)zwidth;
                break;
            case EDGE_BOTTOM: /* width from left, zones from bottom to top */
                zwidth = offsets.crop_width;
                crop->regionlist[i].x1 = offsets.startx;
                crop->regionlist[i].x2 = offsets.endx;

                /* FAULT: IMHO in the old code here, the calculation of y1/y2
                 * was based on wrong assumtions. The whole image was assumed
                 * and 'endy' and 'starty' are not respected anymore!*/
                /* NEW PROPOSED Code: Assumption: offsets are within image with
                 * top left corner as origin (0,0) and 'start' <= 'end'. */
                uaux = (uint32_t)(offsets.crop_length * 1.0 * seg / total);
                if (uaux <= offsets.endy + 1)
                {
                    crop->regionlist[i].y1 = offsets.endy - uaux + 1;
                }
                else
                {
                    crop->regionlist[i].y1 = 0;
                }
                if (crop->regionlist[i].y1 < offsets.starty)
                {
                    crop->regionlist[i].y1 = offsets.starty;
                }

                uaux =
                    (uint32_t)(offsets.crop_length * 1.0 * (seg - 1) / total);
                if (uaux <= offsets.endy)
                {
                    crop->regionlist[i].y2 = offsets.endy - uaux;
                }
                else
                {
                    crop->regionlist[i].y2 = 0;
                }
                if (crop->regionlist[i].y2 < offsets.starty)
                {
                    crop->regionlist[i].y2 = offsets.starty;
                }
                zlength = crop->regionlist[i].y2 - crop->regionlist[i].y1 + 1;

                /* This is passed to extractCropZone or extractCompositeZones */
                if (crop->exp_mode == COMPOSITE_IMAGES)
                    crop->combined_length += (uint32_t)zlength;
                else
                    crop->combined_length = (uint32_t)zlength;
                crop->combined_width = (uint32_t)zwidth;
                break;
            case EDGE_RIGHT: /* zones from right to left, length from top */
                zlength = offsets.crop_length;
                crop->regionlist[i].y1 = offsets.starty;
                crop->regionlist[i].y2 = offsets.endy;

                crop->regionlist[i].x1 =
                    offsets.startx + (uint32_t)(offsets.crop_width *
                                                (total - seg) * 1.0 / total);
                /* FAULT: IMHO from here on, the calculation of y2 are based on
                 * wrong assumtions. The whole image is assumed and 'endy' and
                 * 'starty' are not respected anymore!*/
                /* NEW PROPOSED Code: Assumption: offsets are within image with
                 * top left corner as origin (0,0) and 'start' <= 'end'. */
                uaux = (uint32_t)(offsets.crop_width * 1.0 * seg / total);
                if (uaux <= offsets.endx + 1)
                {
                    crop->regionlist[i].x1 = offsets.endx - uaux + 1;
                }
                else
                {
                    crop->regionlist[i].x1 = 0;
                }
                if (crop->regionlist[i].x1 < offsets.startx)
                {
                    crop->regionlist[i].x1 = offsets.startx;
                }

                uaux = (uint32_t)(offsets.crop_width * 1.0 * (seg - 1) / total);
                if (uaux <= offsets.endx)
                {
                    crop->regionlist[i].x2 = offsets.endx - uaux;
                }
                else
                {
                    crop->regionlist[i].x2 = 0;
                }
                if (crop->regionlist[i].x2 < offsets.startx)
                {
                    crop->regionlist[i].x2 = offsets.startx;
                }
                zwidth = crop->regionlist[i].x2 - crop->regionlist[i].x1 + 1;

                /* This is passed to extractCropZone or extractCompositeZones */
                crop->combined_length = (uint32_t)zlength;
                if (crop->exp_mode == COMPOSITE_IMAGES)
                    crop->combined_width += (uint32_t)zwidth;
                else
                    crop->combined_width = (uint32_t)zwidth;
                break;
            case EDGE_TOP: /* width from left, zones from top to bottom */
            default:
                zwidth = offsets.crop_width;
                crop->regionlist[i].x1 = offsets.startx;
                crop->regionlist[i].x2 = offsets.endx;

                crop->regionlist[i].y1 =
                    offsets.starty +
                    (uint32_t)(offsets.crop_length * 1.0 * (seg - 1) / total);
                if (crop->regionlist[i].y1 > offsets.endy)
                {
                    crop->regionlist[i].y1 = offsets.endy;
                }
                else if (crop->regionlist[i].y1 >= image->length)
                {
                    crop->regionlist[i].y1 = image->length - 1;
                }

                /* FAULT: IMHO from here on, the calculation of y2 are based on
                 * wrong assumtions. The whole image is assumed and 'endy' and
                 * 'starty' are not respected anymore!*/
                /* OLD Code:
                test = offsets.starty + (uint32_t)(offsets.crop_length * 1.0 *
                seg / total); if (test < 1 ) crop->regionlist[i].y2 = 0; else
                  {
                  if (test > (int32_t)(image->length - 1))
                    crop->regionlist[i].y2 = image->length - 1;
                  else
                    crop->regionlist[i].y2 = test - 1;
                  }
                */
                /* NEW PROPOSED Code: Assumption: offsets are within image with
                 * top left corner as origin (0,0) and 'start' <= 'end'. */
                crop->regionlist[i].y2 =
                    offsets.starty +
                    (uint32_t)(offsets.crop_length * 1.0 * seg / total);
                if (crop->regionlist[i].y2 > 0)
                    crop->regionlist[i].y2 = crop->regionlist[i].y2 - 1;
                if (crop->regionlist[i].y2 < crop->regionlist[i].y1)
                {
                    crop->regionlist[i].y2 = crop->regionlist[i].y1;
                }
                else if (crop->regionlist[i].y2 > offsets.endy)
                {
                    crop->regionlist[i].y2 = offsets.endy;
                }
                else if (crop->regionlist[i].y2 >= image->length)
                {
                    crop->regionlist[i].y2 = image->length - 1;
                }

                zlength = crop->regionlist[i].y2 - crop->regionlist[i].y1 + 1;

                /* This is passed to extractCropZone or extractCompositeZones */
                if (crop->exp_mode == COMPOSITE_IMAGES)
                    crop->combined_length += (uint32_t)zlength;
                else
                    crop->combined_length = (uint32_t)zlength;
                crop->combined_width = (uint32_t)zwidth;
                break;
        } /* end switch statement */

        buffsize = (uint32_t)((((zwidth * image->bps * image->spp) + 7) / 8) *
                              (zlength + 1));
        crop->regionlist[i].width = (uint32_t)zwidth;
        crop->regionlist[i].length = (uint32_t)zlength;
        crop->regionlist[i].buffsize = buffsize;
        crop->bufftotal += buffsize;

        if (dump->outfile != NULL)
            dump_info(dump->outfile, dump->format, "",
                      "Zone %d, width: %4" PRIu32 ", length: %4" PRIu32
                      ", x1: %4" PRIu32 "  x2: %4" PRIu32 "  y1: %4" PRIu32
                      "  y2: %4" PRIu32,
                      i + 1, zwidth, zlength, crop->regionlist[i].x1,
                      crop->regionlist[i].x2, crop->regionlist[i].y1,
                      crop->regionlist[i].y2);
        /* increment regions iterator */
        i++;
    }
    /* set number of generated regions out of given zones */
    crop->selections = i;
    return (0);
} /* end getCropOffsets */

static int computeOutputPixelOffsets(struct crop_mask *crop,
                                     struct image_data *image,
                                     struct pagedef *page,
                                     struct pageseg *sections,
                                     struct dump_opts *dump)
{
    double scale;
    double pwidth, plength;    /* Output page width and length in user units*/
    uint32_t iwidth, ilength;  /* Input image width and length in pixels*/
    uint32_t owidth, olength;  /* Output image width and length in pixels*/
    uint32_t orows, ocols;     /* rows and cols for output */
    uint32_t hmargin, vmargin; /* Horizontal and vertical margins */
    uint32_t x1, x2, y1, y2, line_bytes;
    /* unsigned int orientation; */
    uint32_t i, j, k;

    scale = 1.0;
    if (page->res_unit == RESUNIT_NONE)
        page->res_unit = image->res_unit;

    switch (image->res_unit)
    {
        case RESUNIT_CENTIMETER:
            if (page->res_unit == RESUNIT_INCH)
                scale = 1.0 / 2.54;
            break;
        case RESUNIT_INCH:
            if (page->res_unit == RESUNIT_CENTIMETER)
                scale = 2.54;
            break;
        case RESUNIT_NONE: /* Dimensions in pixels */
        default:
            break;
    }

    /* get width, height, resolutions of input image selection */
    if (crop->combined_width > 0)
        iwidth = crop->combined_width;
    else
        iwidth = image->width;
    if (crop->combined_length > 0)
        ilength = crop->combined_length;
    else
        ilength = image->length;

    if (page->hres <= 1.0)
        page->hres = image->xres;
    if (page->vres <= 1.0)
        page->vres = image->yres;

    if ((page->hres < 1.0) || (page->vres < 1.0))
    {
        TIFFError("computeOutputPixelOffsets",
                  "Invalid horizontal or vertical resolution specified or read "
                  "from input image");
        return (1);
    }

    /* If no page sizes are being specified, we just use the input image size to
     * calculate maximum margins that can be taken from image.
     */
    if (page->width <= 0)
        pwidth = iwidth;
    else
        pwidth = page->width;

    if (page->length <= 0)
        plength = ilength;
    else
        plength = page->length;

    if (dump->debug)
    {
        TIFFError("",
                  "Page size: %s, Vres: %3.2f, Hres: %3.2f, "
                  "Hmargin: %3.2f, Vmargin: %3.2f",
                  page->name, page->vres, page->hres, page->hmargin,
                  page->vmargin);
        TIFFError("",
                  "Res_unit: %" PRIu16
                  ", Scale: %3.2f, Page width: %3.2f, length: %3.2f",
                  page->res_unit, scale, pwidth, plength);
    }

    /* compute margins at specified unit and resolution */
    if (page->mode & PAGE_MODE_MARGINS)
    {
        if (page->res_unit == RESUNIT_INCH ||
            page->res_unit == RESUNIT_CENTIMETER)
        { /* inches or centimeters specified */
            hmargin = _TIFFClampDoubleToUInt32(
                page->hmargin * scale * page->hres * ((image->bps + 7) / 8));
            vmargin = _TIFFClampDoubleToUInt32(
                page->vmargin * scale * page->vres * ((image->bps + 7) / 8));
        }
        else
        { /* Otherwise user has specified pixels as reference unit */
            hmargin = _TIFFClampDoubleToUInt32(page->hmargin * scale *
                                               ((image->bps + 7) / 8));
            vmargin = _TIFFClampDoubleToUInt32(page->vmargin * scale *
                                               ((image->bps + 7) / 8));
        }

        if ((hmargin * 2.0) > (pwidth * page->hres))
        {
            TIFFError("computeOutputPixelOffsets",
                      "Combined left and right margins exceed page width");
            hmargin = (uint32_t)0;
            return (-1);
        }
        if ((vmargin * 2.0) > (plength * page->vres))
        {
            TIFFError("computeOutputPixelOffsets",
                      "Combined top and bottom margins exceed page length");
            vmargin = (uint32_t)0;
            return (-1);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        hmargin = 0;
        vmargin = 0;
    }

    if (page->mode & PAGE_MODE_ROWSCOLS)
    {
        /* Maybe someday but not for now */
        if (page->mode & PAGE_MODE_MARGINS)
            TIFFError(
                "computeOutputPixelOffsets",
                "Output margins cannot be specified with rows and columns");

        owidth = TIFFhowmany(iwidth, page->cols);
        olength = TIFFhowmany(ilength, page->rows);
    }
    else
    {
        if (page->mode & PAGE_MODE_PAPERSIZE)
        {
            owidth =
                _TIFFClampDoubleToUInt32((pwidth * page->hres) - (hmargin * 2));
            olength = _TIFFClampDoubleToUInt32((plength * page->vres) -
                                               (vmargin * 2));
        }
        else
        {
            owidth =
                _TIFFClampDoubleToUInt32(iwidth - (hmargin * 2 * page->hres));
            olength =
                _TIFFClampDoubleToUInt32(ilength - (vmargin * 2 * page->vres));
        }
    }

    if (owidth > iwidth)
        owidth = iwidth;
    if (olength > ilength)
        olength = ilength;

    if (owidth == 0 || olength == 0)
    {
        TIFFError("computeOutputPixelOffsets",
                  "Integer overflow when calculating the number of pages");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    /* Compute the number of pages required for Portrait or Landscape */
    switch (page->orient)
    {
        case ORIENTATION_NONE:
        case ORIENTATION_PORTRAIT:
            ocols = TIFFhowmany(iwidth, owidth);
            orows = TIFFhowmany(ilength, olength);
            /* orientation = ORIENTATION_PORTRAIT; */
            break;

        case ORIENTATION_LANDSCAPE:
            ocols = TIFFhowmany(iwidth, olength);
            orows = TIFFhowmany(ilength, owidth);
            x1 = olength;
            olength = owidth;
            owidth = x1;
            /* orientation = ORIENTATION_LANDSCAPE; */
            break;

        case ORIENTATION_AUTO:
        default:
            x1 = TIFFhowmany(iwidth, owidth);
            x2 = TIFFhowmany(ilength, olength);
            y1 = TIFFhowmany(iwidth, olength);
            y2 = TIFFhowmany(ilength, owidth);

            if ((x1 * x2) < (y1 * y2))
            { /* Portrait */
                ocols = x1;
                orows = x2;
                /* orientation = ORIENTATION_PORTRAIT; */
            }
            else
            { /* Landscape */
                ocols = y1;
                orows = y2;
                x1 = olength;
                olength = owidth;
                owidth = x1;
                /* orientation = ORIENTATION_LANDSCAPE; */
            }
    }

    if (ocols < 1)
        ocols = 1;
    if (orows < 1)
        orows = 1;

    /* Always return rows and cols from calcuation above.
     * (correct values needed external to this function)
     * Warn, if user input settings has been changed.
     */

    if ((page->rows > 0) && (page->rows != orows))
    {
        TIFFError("computeOutputPixelOffsets",
                  "Number of user input section rows down (%" PRIu32
                  ") was changed to (%" PRIu32 ")",
                  page->rows, orows);
    }
    page->rows = orows;
    if ((page->cols > 0) && (page->cols != ocols))
    {
        TIFFError("computeOutputPixelOffsets",
                  "Number of user input section cols across (%" PRIu32
                  ") was changed to (%" PRIu32 ")",
                  page->cols, ocols);
    }
    page->cols = ocols;

    line_bytes = TIFFhowmany8(owidth * image->spp * image->bps);

    if ((orows * ocols) > MAX_SECTIONS)
    {
        TIFFError("computeOutputPixelOffsets",
                  "Rows and Columns exceed maximum sections\nIncrease "
                  "resolution or reduce sections");
        return (-1);
    }

    /* build the list of offsets for each output section */
    for (k = 0, i = 0; i < orows; i++)
    {
        y1 = (uint32_t)(olength * i);
        y2 = (uint32_t)(olength * (i + 1) - 1);
        if (y2 >= ilength)
            y2 = ilength - 1;
        for (j = 0; (j < ocols) && (k < MAX_SECTIONS); j++, k++)
        {
            x1 = (uint32_t)(owidth * j);
            x2 = (uint32_t)(owidth * (j + 1) - 1);
            if (x2 >= iwidth)
                x2 = iwidth - 1;
            sections[k].x1 = x1;
            sections[k].x2 = x2;
            sections[k].y1 = y1;
            sections[k].y2 = y2;
            sections[k].buffsize = line_bytes * olength;
            sections[k].position = k + 1;
            sections[k].total = orows * ocols;
        }
    }
    return (0);
} /* end computeOutputPixelOffsets */

static int loadImage(TIFF *in, struct image_data *image, struct dump_opts *dump,
                     unsigned char **read_ptr)
{
    uint32_t i;
    float xres = 0.0, yres = 0.0;
    uint32_t nstrips = 0, ntiles = 0;
    uint16_t planar = 0;
    uint16_t bps = 0, spp = 0, res_unit = 0;
    uint16_t orientation = 0;
    uint16_t input_compression = 0, input_photometric = 0;
    uint16_t subsampling_horiz, subsampling_vert;
    uint32_t width = 0, length = 0;
    tmsize_t stsize = 0, tlsize = 0, buffsize = 0;
    tmsize_t scanlinesize = 0;
    uint32_t tw = 0, tl = 0; /* Tile width and length */
    tmsize_t tile_rowsize = 0;
    unsigned char *read_buff = NULL;
    int readunit = 0;

    TIFFGetFieldDefaulted(in, TIFFTAG_BITSPERSAMPLE, &bps);
    TIFFGetFieldDefaulted(in, TIFFTAG_SAMPLESPERPIXEL, &spp);
    TIFFGetFieldDefaulted(in, TIFFTAG_PLANARCONFIG, &planar);
    TIFFGetFieldDefaulted(in, TIFFTAG_ORIENTATION, &orientation);
    if (!TIFFGetFieldDefaulted(in, TIFFTAG_PHOTOMETRIC, &input_photometric))
        TIFFError("loadImage", "Image lacks Photometric interpretation tag");
    if (!TIFFGetField(in, TIFFTAG_IMAGEWIDTH, &width))
        TIFFError("loadimage", "Image lacks image width tag");
    if (!TIFFGetField(in, TIFFTAG_IMAGELENGTH, &length))
        TIFFError("loadimage", "Image lacks image length tag");
    TIFFGetFieldDefaulted(in, TIFFTAG_XRESOLUTION, &xres);
    TIFFGetFieldDefaulted(in, TIFFTAG_YRESOLUTION, &yres);
    if (!TIFFGetFieldDefaulted(in, TIFFTAG_RESOLUTIONUNIT, &res_unit))
        res_unit = RESUNIT_INCH;
    if (!TIFFGetField(in, TIFFTAG_COMPRESSION, &input_compression))
        input_compression = COMPRESSION_NONE;

#ifdef DEBUG2
    char compressionid[16];

    switch (input_compression)
    {
        case COMPRESSION_NONE: /* 1  dump mode */
            strcpy(compressionid, "None/dump");
            break;
        case COMPRESSION_CCITTRLE: /* 2 CCITT modified Huffman RLE */
            strcpy(compressionid, "Huffman RLE");
            break;
        case COMPRESSION_CCITTFAX3: /* 3 CCITT Group 3 fax encoding */
            strcpy(compressionid, "Group3 Fax");
            break;
        case COMPRESSION_CCITTFAX4: /* 4 CCITT Group 4 fax encoding */
            strcpy(compressionid, "Group4 Fax");
            break;
        case COMPRESSION_LZW: /* 5 Lempel-Ziv  & Welch */
            strcpy(compressionid, "LZW");
            break;
        case COMPRESSION_OJPEG: /* 6 !6.0 JPEG */
            strcpy(compressionid, "Old Jpeg");
            break;
        case COMPRESSION_JPEG: /* 7 %JPEG DCT compression */
            strcpy(compressionid, "New Jpeg");
            break;
        case COMPRESSION_NEXT: /* 32766 NeXT 2-bit RLE */
            strcpy(compressionid, "Next RLE");
            break;
        case COMPRESSION_CCITTRLEW: /* 32771 #1 w/ word alignment */
            strcpy(compressionid, "CITTRLEW");
            break;
        case COMPRESSION_PACKBITS: /* 32773 Macintosh RLE */
            strcpy(compressionid, "Mac Packbits");
            break;
        case COMPRESSION_THUNDERSCAN: /* 32809 ThunderScan RLE */
            strcpy(compressionid, "Thunderscan");
            break;
        case COMPRESSION_IT8CTPAD: /* 32895 IT8 CT w/padding */
            strcpy(compressionid, "IT8 padded");
            break;
        case COMPRESSION_IT8LW: /* 32896 IT8 Linework RLE */
            strcpy(compressionid, "IT8 RLE");
            break;
        case COMPRESSION_IT8MP: /* 32897 IT8 Monochrome picture */
            strcpy(compressionid, "IT8 mono");
            break;
        case COMPRESSION_IT8BL: /* 32898 IT8 Binary line art */
            strcpy(compressionid, "IT8 lineart");
            break;
        case COMPRESSION_PIXARFILM: /* 32908 Pixar companded 10bit LZW */
            strcpy(compressionid, "Pixar 10 bit");
            break;
        case COMPRESSION_PIXARLOG: /* 32909 Pixar companded 11bit ZIP */
            strcpy(compressionid, "Pixar 11bit");
            break;
        case COMPRESSION_DEFLATE: /* 32946 Deflate compression */
            strcpy(compressionid, "Deflate");
            break;
        case COMPRESSION_ADOBE_DEFLATE: /* 8 Deflate compression */
            strcpy(compressionid, "Adobe deflate");
            break;
        default:
            strcpy(compressionid, "None/unknown");
            break;
    }
    TIFFError("loadImage", "Input compression %s", compressionid);
#endif

    scanlinesize = TIFFScanlineSize(in);
    image->bps = bps;
    image->spp = spp;
    image->planar = planar;
    image->width = width;
    image->length = length;
    image->xres = xres;
    image->yres = yres;
    image->res_unit = res_unit;
    image->compression = input_compression;
    image->photometric = input_photometric;
#ifdef DEBUG2
    char photometricid[12];

    switch (input_photometric)
    {
        case PHOTOMETRIC_MINISWHITE:
            strcpy(photometricid, "MinIsWhite");
            break;
        case PHOTOMETRIC_MINISBLACK:
            strcpy(photometricid, "MinIsBlack");
            break;
        case PHOTOMETRIC_RGB:
            strcpy(photometricid, "RGB");
            break;
        case PHOTOMETRIC_PALETTE:
            strcpy(photometricid, "Palette");
            break;
        case PHOTOMETRIC_MASK:
            strcpy(photometricid, "Mask");
            break;
        case PHOTOMETRIC_SEPARATED:
            strcpy(photometricid, "Separated");
            break;
        case PHOTOMETRIC_YCBCR:
            strcpy(photometricid, "YCBCR");
            break;
        case PHOTOMETRIC_CIELAB:
            strcpy(photometricid, "CIELab");
            break;
        case PHOTOMETRIC_ICCLAB:
            strcpy(photometricid, "ICCLab");
            break;
        case PHOTOMETRIC_ITULAB:
            strcpy(photometricid, "ITULab");
            break;
        case PHOTOMETRIC_LOGL:
            strcpy(photometricid, "LogL");
            break;
        case PHOTOMETRIC_LOGLUV:
            strcpy(photometricid, "LOGLuv");
            break;
        default:
            strcpy(photometricid, "Unknown");
            break;
    }
    TIFFError("loadImage", "Input photometric interpretation %s",
              photometricid);

#endif
    image->orientation = orientation;
    switch (orientation)
    {
        case 0:
        case ORIENTATION_TOPLEFT:
            image->adjustments = 0;
            break;
        case ORIENTATION_TOPRIGHT:
            image->adjustments = MIRROR_HORIZ;
            break;
        case ORIENTATION_BOTRIGHT:
            image->adjustments = ROTATECW_180;
            break;
        case ORIENTATION_BOTLEFT:
            image->adjustments = MIRROR_VERT;
            break;
        case ORIENTATION_LEFTTOP:
            image->adjustments = MIRROR_VERT | ROTATECW_90;
            break;
        case ORIENTATION_RIGHTTOP:
            image->adjustments = ROTATECW_90;
            break;
        case ORIENTATION_RIGHTBOT:
            image->adjustments = MIRROR_VERT | ROTATECW_270;
            break;
        case ORIENTATION_LEFTBOT:
            image->adjustments = ROTATECW_270;
            break;
        default:
            image->adjustments = 0;
            image->orientation = ORIENTATION_TOPLEFT;
    }

    if ((bps == 0) || (spp == 0))
    {
        TIFFError("loadImage",
                  "Invalid samples per pixel (%" PRIu16
                  ") or bits per sample (%" PRIu16 ")",
                  spp, bps);
        return (-1);
    }

    if (TIFFIsTiled(in))
    {
        readunit = TILE;
        tlsize = TIFFTileSize(in);
        ntiles = TIFFNumberOfTiles(in);
        TIFFGetField(in, TIFFTAG_TILEWIDTH, &tw);
        TIFFGetField(in, TIFFTAG_TILELENGTH, &tl);

        tile_rowsize = TIFFTileRowSize(in);
        if (ntiles == 0 || tlsize == 0 || tile_rowsize == 0)
        {
            TIFFError("loadImage",
                      "File appears to be tiled, but the number of tiles, tile "
                      "size, or tile rowsize is zero.");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
        if (ntiles != 0 && tlsize > (tmsize_t)(TIFF_TMSIZE_T_MAX / ntiles))
        {
            TIFFError("loadImage",
                      "Integer overflow when calculating buffer size");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
        buffsize = tlsize * ntiles;

        if (tl != 0 && ntiles != 0 &&
            tile_rowsize > (tmsize_t)(TIFF_TMSIZE_T_MAX / tl / ntiles))
        {
            TIFFError("loadImage",
                      "Integer overflow when calculating buffer size");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
        if (buffsize < (tmsize_t)(ntiles * tl * tile_rowsize))
        {
            buffsize = ntiles * tl * tile_rowsize;

#ifdef DEBUG2
            TIFFError("loadImage",
                      "Tilesize %" PRIu32 " is too small, using ntiles * "
                      "tilelength * tilerowsize %" PRIu32,
                      tlsize, buffsize);
#endif
        }

        if (dump->infile != NULL)
            dump_info(dump->infile, dump->format, "",
                      "Tilesize: %" TIFF_SSIZE_FORMAT
                      ", Number of Tiles: %" PRIu32
                      ", Tile row size: %" TIFF_SSIZE_FORMAT,
                      tlsize, ntiles, tile_rowsize);
    }
    else
    {
        tmsize_t buffsize_check;
        readunit = STRIP;
        TIFFGetFieldDefaulted(in, TIFFTAG_ROWSPERSTRIP, &rowsperstrip);
        stsize = TIFFStripSize(in);
        nstrips = TIFFNumberOfStrips(in);
        if (nstrips == 0 || stsize == 0)
        {
            TIFFError("loadImage", "File appears to be striped, but the number "
                                   "of stipes or stripe size is zero.");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }

        if (nstrips != 0 && stsize > (tmsize_t)(TIFF_TMSIZE_T_MAX / nstrips))
        {
            TIFFError("loadImage",
                      "Integer overflow when calculating buffer size");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
        buffsize = stsize * nstrips;
        /* The buffsize_check and the possible adaptation of buffsize
         * has to account also for padding of each line to a byte boundary.
         * This is assumed by mirrorImage() and rotateImage().
         * Furthermore, functions like extractContigSamplesShifted32bits()
         * need a buffer, which is at least 3 bytes larger than the actual
         * image. Otherwise buffer-overflow might occur there.
         */
        if ((spp != 0 && bps != 0 &&
             width > (uint32_t)((UINT32_MAX - 7) / spp / bps)) ||
            (width != 0 && spp != 0 && bps != 0 &&
             length > (tmsize_t)(TIFF_TMSIZE_T_MAX /
                                 (uint32_t)(((width * spp * bps) + 7) / 8))))
        {
            TIFFError("loadImage", "Integer overflow detected.");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
        buffsize_check =
            (tmsize_t)length * (uint32_t)(((width * spp * bps) + 7) / 8);
        if (buffsize < buffsize_check)
        {
            buffsize = buffsize_check;
#ifdef DEBUG2
            TIFFError("loadImage",
                      "Stripsize %" PRIu32 " is too small, using imagelength * "
                      "width * spp * bps / 8 = %" PRIu32,
                      stsize, (unsigned long)buffsize);
#endif
        }

        if (dump->infile != NULL)
            dump_info(dump->infile, dump->format, "",
                      "Stripsize: %" TIFF_SSIZE_FORMAT
                      ", Number of Strips: %" PRIu32
                      ", Rows per Strip: %" PRIu32
                      ", Scanline size: %" TIFF_SSIZE_FORMAT,
                      stsize, nstrips, rowsperstrip, scanlinesize);
    }

    if (input_compression == COMPRESSION_JPEG)
    { /* Force conversion to RGB */
        jpegcolormode = JPEGCOLORMODE_RGB;
        TIFFSetField(in, TIFFTAG_JPEGCOLORMODE, JPEGCOLORMODE_RGB);
    }
    /* The clause up to the read statement is taken from Tom Lane's tiffcp patch
     */
    else
    { /* Otherwise, can't handle subsampled input */
        if (input_photometric == PHOTOMETRIC_YCBCR)
        {
            TIFFGetFieldDefaulted(in, TIFFTAG_YCBCRSUBSAMPLING,
                                  &subsampling_horiz, &subsampling_vert);
            if (subsampling_horiz != 1 || subsampling_vert != 1)
            {
                TIFFError("loadImage",
                          "Can't copy/convert subsampled image with "
                          "subsampling %" PRIu16 " horiz %" PRIu16 " vert",
                          subsampling_horiz, subsampling_vert);
                return (-1);
            }
        }
    }

    read_buff = *read_ptr;
    /* +3 : add a few guard bytes since reverseSamples16bits() can read a bit
     * outside buffer */
    /* Reuse of read_buff from previous image is quite unsafe, because other
     * functions (like rotateImage() etc.) reallocate that buffer with different
     * size without updating the local prev_readsize value. */
    if (read_buff)
    {
        _TIFFfree(read_buff);
    }
    if (buffsize > 0xFFFFFFFFU - 3)
    {
        TIFFError("loadImage", "Required read buffer size too large");
        return (-1);
    }
    read_buff =
        (unsigned char *)limitMalloc(buffsize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);
    if (!read_buff)
    {
        TIFFError("loadImage", "Unable to allocate read buffer");
        return (-1);
    }
    check_buffsize = buffsize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES;

    read_buff[buffsize] = 0;
    read_buff[buffsize + 1] = 0;
    read_buff[buffsize + 2] = 0;

    *read_ptr = read_buff;

    /* N.B. The read functions used copy separate plane data into a buffer as
     * interleaved samples rather than separate planes so the same logic works
     * to extract regions regardless of the way the data are organized in the
     * input file.
     */
    switch (readunit)
    {
        case STRIP:
            if (planar == PLANARCONFIG_CONTIG)
            {
                if (!(readContigStripsIntoBuffer(in, read_buff)))
                {
                    TIFFError("loadImage",
                              "Unable to read contiguous strips into buffer");
                    return (-1);
                }
            }
            else
            {
                if (!(readSeparateStripsIntoBuffer(in, read_buff, length, width,
                                                   spp, dump)))
                {
                    TIFFError("loadImage",
                              "Unable to read separate strips into buffer");
                    return (-1);
                }
            }
            break;

        case TILE:
            if (planar == PLANARCONFIG_CONTIG)
            {
                if (!(readContigTilesIntoBuffer(in, read_buff, length, width,
                                                tw, tl, spp, bps)))
                {
                    TIFFError("loadImage",
                              "Unable to read contiguous tiles into buffer");
                    return (-1);
                }
            }
            else
            {
                if (!(readSeparateTilesIntoBuffer(in, read_buff, length, width,
                                                  tw, tl, spp, bps)))
                {
                    TIFFError("loadImage",
                              "Unable to read separate tiles into buffer");
                    return (-1);
                }
            }
            break;
        default:
            TIFFError("loadImage", "Unsupported image file format");
            return (-1);
            break;
    }
    if ((dump->infile != NULL) && (dump->level == 2))
    {
        dump_info(dump->infile, dump->format, "loadImage",
                  "Image width %" PRIu32 ", length %" PRIu32
                  ", Raw image data, %4" TIFF_SSIZE_FORMAT " bytes",
                  width, length, buffsize);
        dump_info(dump->infile, dump->format, "",
                  "Bits per sample %" PRIu16 ", Samples per pixel %" PRIu16,
                  bps, spp);

        if ((uint64_t)scanlinesize > 0x0ffffffffULL)
        {
            dump_info(
                dump->infile, dump->format, "loadImage",
                "Attention: scanlinesize %" PRIu64
                " is larger than UINT32_MAX.\nFollowing dump might be wrong.",
                (uint64_t)scanlinesize);
        }
        for (i = 0; i < length; i++)
            dump_buffer(dump->infile, dump->format, 1, (uint32_t)scanlinesize,
                        i, read_buff + (i * scanlinesize));
    }
    return (0);
} /* end loadImage */

static int correct_orientation(struct image_data *image,
                               unsigned char **work_buff_ptr)
{
    uint16_t mirror, rotation;
    unsigned char *work_buff;

    work_buff = *work_buff_ptr;
    if ((image == NULL) || (work_buff == NULL))
    {
        TIFFError("correct_orientatin", "Invalid image or buffer pointer");
        return (-1);
    }

    if ((image->adjustments & MIRROR_HORIZ) ||
        (image->adjustments & MIRROR_VERT))
    {
        mirror = (uint16_t)(image->adjustments & MIRROR_BOTH);
        if (mirrorImage(image->spp, image->bps, mirror, image->width,
                        image->length, work_buff))
        {
            TIFFError("correct_orientation", "Unable to mirror image");
            return (-1);
        }
    }

    if (image->adjustments & ROTATE_ANY)
    {
        if (image->adjustments & ROTATECW_90)
            rotation = (uint16_t)90;
        else if (image->adjustments & ROTATECW_180)
            rotation = (uint16_t)180;
        else if (image->adjustments & ROTATECW_270)
            rotation = (uint16_t)270;
        else
        {
            TIFFError("correct_orientation", "Invalid rotation value: %" PRIu16,
                      (uint16_t)(image->adjustments & ROTATE_ANY));
            return (-1);
        }
        /* Dummy variable in order not to switch two times the
         * image->width,->length within rotateImage(),
         * but switch xres, yres there. */
        uint32_t width = image->width;
        uint32_t length = image->length;
        if (rotateImage(rotation, image, &width, &length, work_buff_ptr, NULL,
                        TRUE))
        {
            TIFFError("correct_orientation", "Unable to rotate image");
            return (-1);
        }
        image->orientation = ORIENTATION_TOPLEFT;
    }

    return (0);
} /* end correct_orientation */

/* Extract multiple zones from an image and combine into a single composite
 * image */
static int extractCompositeRegions(struct image_data *image,
                                   struct crop_mask *crop,
                                   unsigned char *read_buff,
                                   unsigned char *crop_buff)
{
    int shift_width, bytes_per_sample, bytes_per_pixel;
    uint32_t i, trailing_bits, prev_trailing_bits;
    uint32_t row, first_row, last_row, first_col, last_col;
    uint32_t src_rowsize, dst_rowsize, src_offset, dst_offset;
    uint32_t crop_width, crop_length, img_width /*, img_length */;
    uint32_t prev_length, prev_width, composite_width;
    uint16_t bps, spp;
    uint8_t *src, *dst;
    tsample_t count, sample = 0; /* Update to extract one or more samples */

    img_width = image->width;
    /* img_length = image->length; */
    bps = image->bps;
    spp = image->spp;
    count = spp;

    bytes_per_sample = (bps + 7) / 8;
    bytes_per_pixel = ((bps * spp) + 7) / 8;
    if ((bps % 8) == 0)
        shift_width = 0;
    else
    {
        if (bytes_per_pixel < (bytes_per_sample + 1))
            shift_width = bytes_per_pixel;
        else
            shift_width = bytes_per_sample + 1;
    }
    src = read_buff;
    dst = crop_buff;

    /* These are setup for adding additional sections */
    prev_width = prev_length = 0;
    prev_trailing_bits = trailing_bits = 0;
    composite_width = crop->combined_width;
    crop->combined_width = 0;
    crop->combined_length = 0;

    /* If there is more than one region, check beforehand whether all the width
     * and length values of the regions are the same, respectively. */
    switch (crop->edge_ref)
    {
        default:
        case EDGE_TOP:
        case EDGE_BOTTOM:
            for (i = 1; i < crop->selections; i++)
            {
                uint32_t crop_width0 =
                    crop->regionlist[i - 1].x2 - crop->regionlist[i - 1].x1 + 1;
                uint32_t crop_width1 =
                    crop->regionlist[i].x2 - crop->regionlist[i].x1 + 1;
                if (crop_width0 != crop_width1)
                {
                    TIFFError("extractCompositeRegions",
                              "Only equal width regions can be combined for -E "
                              "top or bottom");
                    return (1);
                }
            }
            break;
        case EDGE_LEFT:
        case EDGE_RIGHT:
            for (i = 1; i < crop->selections; i++)
            {
                uint32_t crop_length0 =
                    crop->regionlist[i - 1].y2 - crop->regionlist[i - 1].y1 + 1;
                uint32_t crop_length1 =
                    crop->regionlist[i].y2 - crop->regionlist[i].y1 + 1;
                if (crop_length0 != crop_length1)
                {
                    TIFFError("extractCompositeRegions",
                              "Only equal length regions can be combined for "
                              "-E left or right");
                    return (1);
                }
            }
    }

    for (i = 0; i < crop->selections; i++)
    {
        /* rows, columns, width, length are expressed in pixels */
        first_row = crop->regionlist[i].y1;
        last_row = crop->regionlist[i].y2;
        first_col = crop->regionlist[i].x1;
        last_col = crop->regionlist[i].x2;

        crop_width = last_col - first_col + 1;
        crop_length = last_row - first_row + 1;

        /* These should not be needed for composite images */
        crop->regionlist[i].width = crop_width;
        crop->regionlist[i].length = crop_length;

        src_rowsize = ((img_width * bps * spp) + 7) / 8;
        dst_rowsize = (((crop_width * bps * count) + 7) / 8);

        switch (crop->edge_ref)
        {
            default:
            case EDGE_TOP:
            case EDGE_BOTTOM:
                if ((crop->selections > i + 1) &&
                    (crop_width != crop->regionlist[i + 1].width))
                {
                    TIFFError("extractCompositeRegions",
                              "Only equal width regions can be combined for -E "
                              "top or bottom");
                    return (1);
                }

                crop->combined_width = crop_width;
                crop->combined_length += crop_length;

                for (row = first_row; row <= last_row; row++)
                {
                    src_offset = row * src_rowsize;
                    dst_offset = (row - first_row) * dst_rowsize;
                    src = read_buff + src_offset;
                    dst = crop_buff + dst_offset + (prev_length * dst_rowsize);
                    switch (shift_width)
                    {
                        case 0:
                            if (extractContigSamplesBytes(
                                    src, dst, img_width, sample, spp, bps,
                                    count, first_col, last_col + 1))
                            {
                                TIFFError("extractCompositeRegions",
                                          "Unable to extract row %" PRIu32,
                                          row);
                                return (1);
                            }
                            break;
                        case 1:
                            if (bps == 1)
                            {
                                if (extractContigSamplesShifted8bits(
                                        src, dst, img_width, sample, spp, bps,
                                        count, first_col, last_col + 1,
                                        prev_trailing_bits))
                                {
                                    TIFFError("extractCompositeRegions",
                                              "Unable to extract row %" PRIu32,
                                              row);
                                    return (1);
                                }
                                break;
                            }
                            else if (extractContigSamplesShifted16bits(
                                         src, dst, img_width, sample, spp, bps,
                                         count, first_col, last_col + 1,
                                         prev_trailing_bits))
                            {
                                TIFFError("extractCompositeRegions",
                                          "Unable to extract row %" PRIu32,
                                          row);
                                return (1);
                            }
                            break;
                        case 2:
                            if (extractContigSamplesShifted24bits(
                                    src, dst, img_width, sample, spp, bps,
                                    count, first_col, last_col + 1,
                                    prev_trailing_bits))
                            {
                                TIFFError("extractCompositeRegions",
                                          "Unable to extract row %" PRIu32,
                                          row);
                                return (1);
                            }
                            break;
                        case 3:
                        case 4:
                        case 5:
                            if (extractContigSamplesShifted32bits(
                                    src, dst, img_width, sample, spp, bps,
                                    count, first_col, last_col + 1,
                                    prev_trailing_bits))
                            {
                                TIFFError("extractCompositeRegions",
                                          "Unable to extract row %" PRIu32,
                                          row);
                                return (1);
                            }
                            break;
                        default:
                            TIFFError("extractCompositeRegions",
                                      "Unsupported bit depth %" PRIu16, bps);
                            return (1);
                    }
                }
                prev_length += crop_length;
                break;
            case EDGE_LEFT: /* splice the pieces of each row together, side by
                               side */
            case EDGE_RIGHT:
                if ((crop->selections > i + 1) &&
                    (crop_length != crop->regionlist[i + 1].length))
                {
                    TIFFError("extractCompositeRegions",
                              "Only equal length regions can be combined for "
                              "-E left or right");
                    return (1);
                }
                crop->combined_width += crop_width;
                crop->combined_length = crop_length;
                dst_rowsize = (((composite_width * bps * count) + 7) / 8);
                trailing_bits = (crop_width * bps * count) % 8;
                for (row = first_row; row <= last_row; row++)
                {
                    src_offset = row * src_rowsize;
                    dst_offset = (row - first_row) * dst_rowsize;
                    src = read_buff + src_offset;
                    dst = crop_buff + dst_offset + prev_width;

                    switch (shift_width)
                    {
                        case 0:
                            if (extractContigSamplesBytes(
                                    src, dst, img_width, sample, spp, bps,
                                    count, first_col, last_col + 1))
                            {
                                TIFFError("extractCompositeRegions",
                                          "Unable to extract row %" PRIu32,
                                          row);
                                return (1);
                            }
                            break;
                        case 1:
                            if (bps == 1)
                            {
                                if (extractContigSamplesShifted8bits(
                                        src, dst, img_width, sample, spp, bps,
                                        count, first_col, last_col + 1,
                                        prev_trailing_bits))
                                {
                                    TIFFError("extractCompositeRegions",
                                              "Unable to extract row %" PRIu32,
                                              row);
                                    return (1);
                                }
                                break;
                            }
                            else if (extractContigSamplesShifted16bits(
                                         src, dst, img_width, sample, spp, bps,
                                         count, first_col, last_col + 1,
                                         prev_trailing_bits))
                            {
                                TIFFError("extractCompositeRegions",
                                          "Unable to extract row %" PRIu32,
                                          row);
                                return (1);
                            }
                            break;
                        case 2:
                            if (extractContigSamplesShifted24bits(
                                    src, dst, img_width, sample, spp, bps,
                                    count, first_col, last_col + 1,
                                    prev_trailing_bits))
                            {
                                TIFFError("extractCompositeRegions",
                                          "Unable to extract row %" PRIu32,
                                          row);
                                return (1);
                            }
                            break;
                        case 3:
                        case 4:
                        case 5:
                            if (extractContigSamplesShifted32bits(
                                    src, dst, img_width, sample, spp, bps,
                                    count, first_col, last_col + 1,
                                    prev_trailing_bits))
                            {
                                TIFFError("extractCompositeRegions",
                                          "Unable to extract row %" PRIu32,
                                          row);
                                return (1);
                            }
                            break;
                        default:
                            TIFFError("extractCompositeRegions",
                                      "Unsupported bit depth %" PRIu16, bps);
                            return (1);
                    }
                }
                prev_width += (crop_width * bps * count) / 8;
                prev_trailing_bits += trailing_bits;
                if (prev_trailing_bits > 7)
                    prev_trailing_bits -= 8;
                break;
        }
    }
    if (crop->combined_width != composite_width)
        TIFFError("combineSeparateRegions",
                  "Combined width does not match composite width");

    return (0);
} /* end extractCompositeRegions */

/* Copy a single region of input buffer to an output buffer.
 * The read functions used copy separate plane data into a buffer
 * as interleaved samples rather than separate planes so the same
 * logic works to extract regions regardless of the way the data
 * are organized in the input file. This function can be used to
 * extract one or more samples from the input image by updating the
 * parameters for starting sample and number of samples to copy in the
 * fifth and eighth arguments of the call to extractContigSamples.
 * They would be passed as new elements of the crop_mask struct.
 */

static int extractSeparateRegion(struct image_data *image,
                                 struct crop_mask *crop,
                                 unsigned char *read_buff,
                                 unsigned char *crop_buff, int region)
{
    int shift_width, prev_trailing_bits = 0;
    uint32_t bytes_per_sample, bytes_per_pixel;
    uint32_t src_rowsize, dst_rowsize;
    uint32_t row, first_row, last_row, first_col, last_col;
    uint32_t src_offset, dst_offset;
    uint32_t crop_width, crop_length, img_width /*, img_length */;
    uint16_t bps, spp;
    uint8_t *src, *dst;
    tsample_t count, sample = 0; /* Update to extract more or more samples */

    img_width = image->width;
    /* img_length = image->length; */
    bps = image->bps;
    spp = image->spp;
    count = spp;

    bytes_per_sample = (bps + 7) / 8;
    bytes_per_pixel = ((bps * spp) + 7) / 8;
    if ((bps % 8) == 0)
        shift_width = 0; /* Byte aligned data only */
    else
    {
        if (bytes_per_pixel < (bytes_per_sample + 1))
            shift_width = bytes_per_pixel;
        else
            shift_width = bytes_per_sample + 1;
    }

    /* rows, columns, width, length are expressed in pixels */
    first_row = crop->regionlist[region].y1;
    last_row = crop->regionlist[region].y2;
    first_col = crop->regionlist[region].x1;
    last_col = crop->regionlist[region].x2;

    crop_width = last_col - first_col + 1;
    crop_length = last_row - first_row + 1;

    crop->regionlist[region].width = crop_width;
    crop->regionlist[region].length = crop_length;

    src = read_buff;
    dst = crop_buff;
    src_rowsize = ((img_width * bps * spp) + 7) / 8;
    dst_rowsize = (((crop_width * bps * spp) + 7) / 8);

    for (row = first_row; row <= last_row; row++)
    {
        src_offset = row * src_rowsize;
        dst_offset = (row - first_row) * dst_rowsize;
        src = read_buff + src_offset;
        dst = crop_buff + dst_offset;

        switch (shift_width)
        {
            case 0:
                if (extractContigSamplesBytes(src, dst, img_width, sample, spp,
                                              bps, count, first_col,
                                              last_col + 1))
                {
                    TIFFError("extractSeparateRegion",
                              "Unable to extract row %" PRIu32, row);
                    return (1);
                }
                break;
            case 1:
                if (bps == 1)
                {
                    if (extractContigSamplesShifted8bits(
                            src, dst, img_width, sample, spp, bps, count,
                            first_col, last_col + 1, prev_trailing_bits))
                    {
                        TIFFError("extractSeparateRegion",
                                  "Unable to extract row %" PRIu32, row);
                        return (1);
                    }
                    break;
                }
                else if (extractContigSamplesShifted16bits(
                             src, dst, img_width, sample, spp, bps, count,
                             first_col, last_col + 1, prev_trailing_bits))
                {
                    TIFFError("extractSeparateRegion",
                              "Unable to extract row %" PRIu32, row);
                    return (1);
                }
                break;
            case 2:
                if (extractContigSamplesShifted24bits(
                        src, dst, img_width, sample, spp, bps, count, first_col,
                        last_col + 1, prev_trailing_bits))
                {
                    TIFFError("extractSeparateRegion",
                              "Unable to extract row %" PRIu32, row);
                    return (1);
                }
                break;
            case 3:
            case 4:
            case 5:
                if (extractContigSamplesShifted32bits(
                        src, dst, img_width, sample, spp, bps, count, first_col,
                        last_col + 1, prev_trailing_bits))
                {
                    TIFFError("extractSeparateRegion",
                              "Unable to extract row %" PRIu32, row);
                    return (1);
                }
                break;
            default:
                TIFFError("extractSeparateRegion",
                          "Unsupported bit depth %" PRIu16, bps);
                return (1);
        }
    }

    return (0);
} /* end extractSeparateRegion */

static int extractImageSection(struct image_data *image,
                               struct pageseg *section, unsigned char *src_buff,
                               unsigned char *sect_buff)
{
    unsigned char bytebuff1, bytebuff2;
#ifdef DEVELMODE
    /* unsigned  char *src, *dst; */
#endif

    uint32_t img_width, img_rowsize;
#ifdef DEVELMODE
    uint32_t img_length;
#endif
    uint32_t j, shift1, trailing_bits;
    uint32_t row, first_row, last_row, first_col, last_col;
    uint32_t src_offset, dst_offset, row_offset, col_offset;
    uint32_t offset1, full_bytes;
    uint32_t sect_width;
#ifdef DEVELMODE
    uint32_t sect_length;
#endif
    uint16_t bps, spp;

#ifdef DEVELMODE
    int k;
    unsigned char bitset;
#endif

    img_width = image->width;
#ifdef DEVELMODE
    img_length = image->length;
#endif
    bps = image->bps;
    spp = image->spp;

#ifdef DEVELMODE
    /* src = src_buff; */
    /* dst = sect_buff; */
#endif
    src_offset = 0;
    dst_offset = 0;

#ifdef DEVELMODE
    char bitarray[39];
#endif

    /* rows, columns, width, length are expressed in pixels
     * first_row, last_row, .. are index into image array starting at 0 to
     * width-1, last_col shall be also extracted.  */
    first_row = section->y1;
    last_row = section->y2;
    first_col = section->x1;
    last_col = section->x2;

    sect_width = last_col - first_col + 1;
#ifdef DEVELMODE
    sect_length = last_row - first_row + 1;
#endif
    /* The read function loadImage() used copy separate plane data into a buffer
     * as interleaved samples rather than separate planes so the same logic
     * works to extract regions regardless of the way the data are organized in
     * the input file. Furthermore, bytes and bits are arranged in buffer
     * according to COMPRESSION=1 and FILLORDER=1
     */
    img_rowsize = (((img_width * spp * bps) + 7) /
                   8); /* row size in full bytes of source image */
    full_bytes = (sect_width * spp * bps) /
                 8; /* number of COMPLETE bytes per row in section */
    trailing_bits =
        (sect_width * spp * bps) %
        8; /* trailing bits within the last byte of destination buffer */

#ifdef DEVELMODE
    TIFFError("",
              "First row: %" PRIu32 ", last row: %" PRIu32
              ", First col: %" PRIu32 ", last col: %" PRIu32 "\n",
              first_row, last_row, first_col, last_col);
    TIFFError("",
              "Image width: %" PRIu32 ", Image length: %" PRIu32
              ", bps: %" PRIu16 ", spp: %" PRIu16 "\n",
              img_width, img_length, bps, spp);
    TIFFError("",
              "Sect  width: %" PRIu32 ",  Sect length: %" PRIu32
              ", full bytes: %" PRIu32 " trailing bits %" PRIu32 "\n",
              sect_width, sect_length, full_bytes, trailing_bits);
#endif

    if ((bps % 8) == 0)
    {
        col_offset = (first_col * spp * bps) / 8;
        for (row = first_row; row <= last_row; row++)
        {
            row_offset = row * img_rowsize;
            src_offset = row_offset + col_offset;

#ifdef DEVELMODE
            TIFFError("", "Src offset: %8" PRIu32 ", Dst offset: %8" PRIu32,
                      src_offset, dst_offset);
#endif
            if (src_offset + full_bytes >= check_buffsize)
            {
                printf("Bad input. Preventing reading outside of input buffer.\n");
                return(-1);
            }
            _TIFFmemcpy(sect_buff + dst_offset, src_buff + src_offset,
                        full_bytes);
            dst_offset += full_bytes;
        }
    }
    else
    { /* bps != 8 */
        shift1 =
            ((first_col * spp * bps) %
             8); /* shift1 = bits to skip in the first byte of source buffer*/
        for (row = first_row; row <= last_row; row++)
        {
            /* pull out the first byte */
            row_offset = row * img_rowsize;
            offset1 = row_offset + ((first_col * spp * bps) /
                                    8); /* offset1 = offset into source of byte
                                           with first bits to be extracted */

#ifdef DEVELMODE
            for (j = 0, k = 7; j < 8; j++, k--)
            {
                bitset =
                    *(src_buff + offset1) & (((unsigned char)1 << k)) ? 1 : 0;
                sprintf(&bitarray[j], (bitset) ? "1" : "0");
            }
            sprintf(&bitarray[8], " ");
            sprintf(&bitarray[9], " ");
            for (j = 10, k = 7; j < 18; j++, k--)
            {
                bitset = *(src_buff + offset1 + full_bytes) &
                                 (((unsigned char)1 << k))
                             ? 1
                             : 0;
                sprintf(&bitarray[j], (bitset) ? "1" : "0");
            }
            bitarray[18] = '\0';
            TIFFError(
                "",
                "Row: %3d Offset1: %" PRIu32 ",  Shift1: %" PRIu32
                ",    Offset2: %" PRIu32 ",  Trailing_bits:  %" PRIu32 "\n",
                row, offset1, shift1, offset1 + full_bytes, trailing_bits);
#endif

            bytebuff1 = bytebuff2 = 0;
            if (shift1 == 0) /* the region is byte and sample aligned */
            {
                if (offset1 + full_bytes >= check_buffsize)
                {
                    printf("Bad input. Preventing reading outside of input buffer.\n");
                    return(-1);
                }
                _TIFFmemcpy(sect_buff + dst_offset, src_buff + offset1,
                            full_bytes);

#ifdef DEVELMODE
                TIFFError("",
                          "        Aligned data src offset1: %8" PRIu32
                          ", Dst offset: %8" PRIu32 "\n",
                          offset1, dst_offset);
                sprintf(&bitarray[18], "\n");
                sprintf(&bitarray[19], "\t");
                for (j = 20, k = 7; j < 28; j++, k--)
                {
                    bitset =
                        *(sect_buff + dst_offset) & (((unsigned char)1 << k))
                            ? 1
                            : 0;
                    sprintf(&bitarray[j], (bitset) ? "1" : "0");
                }
                bitarray[28] = ' ';
                bitarray[29] = ' ';
#endif
                dst_offset += full_bytes;

                if (trailing_bits != 0)
                {
                    /* Only copy higher bits of samples and mask lower bits of
                     * not wanted column samples to zero */
                    if (offset1 + full_bytes >= check_buffsize)
                    {
                        printf("Bad input. Preventing reading outside of input buffer.\n");
                        return(-1);
                    }
                    bytebuff2 = src_buff[offset1 + full_bytes] &
                                ((unsigned char)255 << (8 - trailing_bits));
                    sect_buff[dst_offset] = bytebuff2;
#ifdef DEVELMODE
                    TIFFError("",
                              "        Trailing bits src offset:  %8" PRIu32
                              ", Dst offset: %8" PRIu32 "\n",
                              offset1 + full_bytes, dst_offset);
                    for (j = 30, k = 7; j < 38; j++, k--)
                    {
                        bitset = *(sect_buff + dst_offset) &
                                         (((unsigned char)1 << k))
                                     ? 1
                                     : 0;
                        sprintf(&bitarray[j], (bitset) ? "1" : "0");
                    }
                    bitarray[38] = '\0';
                    TIFFError("",
                              "\tFirst and last bytes before and after "
                              "masking:\n\t%s\n\n",
                              bitarray);
#endif
                    dst_offset++;
                }
            }
            else /* each destination byte will have to be built from two source
                    bytes*/
            {
#ifdef DEVELMODE
                TIFFError("",
                          "        Unalligned data src offset: %8" PRIu32
                          ", Dst offset: %8" PRIu32 "\n",
                          offset1, dst_offset);
#endif
                for (j = 0; j <= full_bytes; j++)
                {
                    /* Skip the first shift1 bits and shift the source up by
                     * shift1 bits before save to destination.*/
                    /* Attention: src_buff size needs to be some bytes larger
                     * than image size, because could read behind image here. */
                    if (offset1 + j + 1 >= check_buffsize)
                    {
                        printf("Bad input. Preventing reading outside of input buffer.\n");
                        return(-1);
                    }
                    bytebuff1 =
                        src_buff[offset1 + j] & ((unsigned char)255 >> shift1);
                    bytebuff2 = src_buff[offset1 + j + 1] &
                                ((unsigned char)255 << (8 - shift1));
                    sect_buff[dst_offset + j] =
                        (bytebuff1 << shift1) | (bytebuff2 >> (8 - shift1));
                }
#ifdef DEVELMODE
                sprintf(&bitarray[18], "\n");
                sprintf(&bitarray[19], "\t");
                for (j = 20, k = 7; j < 28; j++, k--)
                {
                    bitset =
                        *(sect_buff + dst_offset) & (((unsigned char)1 << k))
                            ? 1
                            : 0;
                    sprintf(&bitarray[j], (bitset) ? "1" : "0");
                }
                bitarray[28] = ' ';
                bitarray[29] = ' ';
#endif
                dst_offset += full_bytes;

                /* Copy the trailing_bits for the last byte in the destination
                   buffer. Could come from one ore two bytes of the source
                   buffer. */
                if (trailing_bits != 0)
                {
#ifdef DEVELMODE
                    TIFFError("",
                              "        Trailing bits %4" PRIu32
                              "   src offset: %8" PRIu32
                              ", Dst offset: %8" PRIu32 "\n",
                              trailing_bits, offset1 + full_bytes, dst_offset);
#endif
                    /* More than necessary bits are already copied into last
                     * destination buffer, only masking of last byte in
                     * destination buffer is necessary.*/
                    sect_buff[dst_offset] &=
                        ((uint8_t)0xFF << (8 - trailing_bits));
                }
#ifdef DEVELMODE
                sprintf(&bitarray[28], " ");
                sprintf(&bitarray[29], " ");
                for (j = 30, k = 7; j < 38; j++, k--)
                {
                    bitset =
                        *(sect_buff + dst_offset) & (((unsigned char)1 << k))
                            ? 1
                            : 0;
                    sprintf(&bitarray[j], (bitset) ? "1" : "0");
                }
                bitarray[38] = '\0';
                TIFFError("",
                          "\tFirst and last bytes before and after "
                          "masking:\n\t%s\n\n",
                          bitarray);
#endif
                dst_offset++;
            }
        }
    }

    return (0);
} /* end extractImageSection */

static int writeSelections(TIFF *in, TIFF **out, struct crop_mask *crop,
                           struct image_data *image, struct dump_opts *dump,
                           struct buffinfo seg_buffs[], char *mp,
                           char *filename, unsigned int *page,
                           unsigned int total_pages)
{
    int i, page_count;
    int autoindex = 0;
    unsigned char *crop_buff = NULL;

    /* Where we open a new file depends on the export mode */
    switch (crop->exp_mode)
    {
        case ONE_FILE_COMPOSITE: /* Regions combined into single image */
            autoindex = 0;
            crop_buff = seg_buffs[0].buffer;
            if (update_output_file(out, mp, autoindex, filename, page))
                return (1);
            page_count = total_pages;
            if (writeCroppedImage(in, *out, image, dump, crop->combined_width,
                                  crop->combined_length, crop_buff, *page,
                                  total_pages))
            {
                TIFFError("writeRegions", "Unable to write new image");
                return (-1);
            }
            break;
        case ONE_FILE_SEPARATED: /* Regions as separated images */
            autoindex = 0;
            if (update_output_file(out, mp, autoindex, filename, page))
                return (1);
            page_count = crop->selections * total_pages;
            for (i = 0; i < crop->selections; i++)
            {
                crop_buff = seg_buffs[i].buffer;
                if (writeCroppedImage(in, *out, image, dump,
                                      crop->regionlist[i].width,
                                      crop->regionlist[i].length, crop_buff,
                                      *page, page_count))
                {
                    TIFFError("writeRegions", "Unable to write new image");
                    return (-1);
                }
            }
            break;
        case FILE_PER_IMAGE_COMPOSITE: /* Regions as composite image */
            autoindex = 1;
            if (update_output_file(out, mp, autoindex, filename, page))
                return (1);

            crop_buff = seg_buffs[0].buffer;
            if (writeCroppedImage(in, *out, image, dump, crop->combined_width,
                                  crop->combined_length, crop_buff, *page,
                                  total_pages))
            {
                TIFFError("writeRegions", "Unable to write new image");
                return (-1);
            }
            break;
        case FILE_PER_IMAGE_SEPARATED: /* Regions as separated images */
            autoindex = 1;
            page_count = crop->selections;
            if (update_output_file(out, mp, autoindex, filename, page))
                return (1);

            for (i = 0; i < crop->selections; i++)
            {
                crop_buff = seg_buffs[i].buffer;
                /* Write the current region to the current file */
                if (writeCroppedImage(in, *out, image, dump,
                                      crop->regionlist[i].width,
                                      crop->regionlist[i].length, crop_buff,
                                      *page, page_count))
                {
                    TIFFError("writeRegions", "Unable to write new image");
                    return (-1);
                }
            }
            break;
        case FILE_PER_SELECTION:
            autoindex = 1;
            page_count = 1;
            for (i = 0; i < crop->selections; i++)
            {
                if (update_output_file(out, mp, autoindex, filename, page))
                    return (1);

                crop_buff = seg_buffs[i].buffer;
                /* Write the current region to the current file */
                if (writeCroppedImage(in, *out, image, dump,
                                      crop->regionlist[i].width,
                                      crop->regionlist[i].length, crop_buff,
                                      *page, page_count))
                {
                    TIFFError("writeRegions", "Unable to write new image");
                    return (-1);
                }
            }
            break;
        default:
            return (1);
    }

    return (0);
} /* end writeRegions */

static int writeImageSections(TIFF *in, TIFF *out, struct image_data *image,
                              struct pagedef *page, struct pageseg *sections,
                              struct dump_opts *dump, unsigned char *src_buff,
                              unsigned char **sect_buff_ptr)
{
    double hres, vres;
    uint32_t i, k, width, length, sectsize;
    unsigned char *sect_buff = *sect_buff_ptr;

    hres = page->hres;
    vres = page->vres;

    k = page->cols * page->rows;
    if ((k < 1) || (k > MAX_SECTIONS))
    {
        TIFFError("writeImageSections",
                  "%" PRIu32 " Rows and Columns exceed maximum "
                  "sections\nIncrease resolution or reduce sections",
                  k);
        return (-1);
    }

    for (i = 0; i < k; i++)
    {
        width = sections[i].x2 - sections[i].x1 + 1;
        length = sections[i].y2 - sections[i].y1 + 1;
        sectsize =
            (uint32_t)ceil((width * image->bps * image->spp + 7) / (double)8) *
            length;
        /* allocate a buffer if we don't have one already */
        if (createImageSection(sectsize, sect_buff_ptr))
        {
            TIFFError("writeImageSections",
                      "Unable to allocate section buffer");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
        sect_buff = *sect_buff_ptr;

        if (extractImageSection(image, &sections[i], src_buff, sect_buff))
        {
            TIFFError("writeImageSections", "Unable to extract image sections");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }

        /* call the write routine here instead of outside the loop */
        if (writeSingleSection(in, out, image, dump, width, length, hres, vres,
                               sect_buff))
        {
            TIFFError("writeImageSections", "Unable to write image section");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
    }

    return (0);
} /* end writeImageSections */

/* Code in this function is heavily indebted to code in tiffcp
 * with modifications by Richard Nolde to handle orientation correctly.
 * It will have to be updated significantly if support is added to
 * extract one or more samples from original image since the
 * original code assumes we are always copying all samples.
 */
static int writeSingleSection(TIFF *in, TIFF *out, struct image_data *image,
                              struct dump_opts *dump, uint32_t width,
                              uint32_t length, double hres, double vres,
                              unsigned char *sect_buff)
{
    uint16_t bps, spp;
    uint16_t input_compression, input_photometric;
    uint16_t input_planar;
    const struct cpTag *p;

    /*  Calling this seems to reset the compression mode on the TIFF *in file.
    TIFFGetField(in, TIFFTAG_JPEGCOLORMODE, &input_jpeg_colormode);
    */
    input_compression = image->compression;
    input_photometric = image->photometric;

    spp = image->spp;
    bps = image->bps;
    TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_IMAGEWIDTH, width);
    TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_IMAGELENGTH, length);
    TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_BITSPERSAMPLE, bps);
    TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_SAMPLESPERPIXEL, spp);

#ifdef DEBUG2
    TIFFError("writeSingleSection", "Input compression: %s",
              (input_compression == COMPRESSION_OJPEG)
                  ? "Old Jpeg"
                  : ((input_compression == COMPRESSION_JPEG) ? "New Jpeg"
                                                             : "Non Jpeg"));
#endif
    /* This is the global variable compression which is set
     * if the user has specified a command line option for
     * a compression option.  Should be passed around in one
     * of the parameters instead of as a global. If no user
     * option specified it will still be (uint16_t) -1. */
    if (compression != (uint16_t)-1)
        TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_COMPRESSION, compression);
    else
    { /* OJPEG is no longer supported for writing so upgrade to JPEG */
        if (input_compression == COMPRESSION_OJPEG)
        {
            compression = COMPRESSION_JPEG;
            jpegcolormode = JPEGCOLORMODE_RAW;
            TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_COMPRESSION, COMPRESSION_JPEG);
        }
        else /* Use the compression from the input file */
            CopyField(TIFFTAG_COMPRESSION, compression);
    }

    if (compression == COMPRESSION_JPEG)
    {
        if ((input_photometric ==
             PHOTOMETRIC_PALETTE) ||                 /* color map indexed */
            (input_photometric == PHOTOMETRIC_MASK)) /* holdout mask */
        {
            TIFFError("writeSingleSection",
                      "JPEG compression cannot be used with %s image data",
                      (input_photometric == PHOTOMETRIC_PALETTE) ? "palette"
                                                                 : "mask");
            return (-1);
        }
        if ((input_photometric == PHOTOMETRIC_RGB) &&
            (jpegcolormode == JPEGCOLORMODE_RGB))
            TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_PHOTOMETRIC, PHOTOMETRIC_YCBCR);
        else
            TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_PHOTOMETRIC, input_photometric);
    }
    else
    {
        if (compression == COMPRESSION_SGILOG ||
            compression == COMPRESSION_SGILOG24)
            TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_PHOTOMETRIC,
                         spp == 1 ? PHOTOMETRIC_LOGL : PHOTOMETRIC_LOGLUV);
        else
            TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_PHOTOMETRIC, image->photometric);
    }

#ifdef DEBUG2
    TIFFError("writeSingleSection", "Input photometric: %s",
              (input_photometric == PHOTOMETRIC_RGB)
                  ? "RGB"
                  : ((input_photometric == PHOTOMETRIC_YCBCR)
                         ? "YCbCr"
                         : "Not RGB or YCbCr"));
#endif

    if (((input_photometric == PHOTOMETRIC_LOGL) ||
         (input_photometric == PHOTOMETRIC_LOGLUV)) &&
        ((compression != COMPRESSION_SGILOG) &&
         (compression != COMPRESSION_SGILOG24)))
    {
        TIFFError("writeSingleSection", "LogL and LogLuv source data require "
                                        "SGI_LOG or SGI_LOG24 compression");
        return (-1);
    }

    if (fillorder != 0)
        TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_FILLORDER, fillorder);
    else
        CopyTag(TIFFTAG_FILLORDER, 1, TIFF_SHORT);

    /* The loadimage function reads input orientation and sets
     * image->orientation. The correct_image_orientation function
     * applies the required rotation and mirror operations to
     * present the data in TOPLEFT orientation and updates
     * image->orientation if any transforms are performed,
     * as per EXIF standard.
     */
    TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_ORIENTATION, image->orientation);

    /*
     * Choose tiles/strip for the output image according to
     * the command line arguments (-tiles, -strips) and the
     * structure of the input image.
     */
    if (outtiled == -1)
        outtiled = TIFFIsTiled(in);
    if (outtiled)
    {
        /*
         * Setup output file's tile width&height.  If either
         * is not specified, use either the value from the
         * input image or, if nothing is defined, use the
         * library default.
         */
        if (tilewidth == (uint32_t)0)
            TIFFGetField(in, TIFFTAG_TILEWIDTH, &tilewidth);
        if (tilelength == (uint32_t)0)
            TIFFGetField(in, TIFFTAG_TILELENGTH, &tilelength);

        if (tilewidth == 0 || tilelength == 0)
            TIFFDefaultTileSize(out, &tilewidth, &tilelength);
        TIFFDefaultTileSize(out, &tilewidth, &tilelength);
        TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_TILEWIDTH, tilewidth);
        TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_TILELENGTH, tilelength);
    }
    else
    {
        /*
         * RowsPerStrip is left unspecified: use either the
         * value from the input image or, if nothing is defined,
         * use the library default.
         */
        if (rowsperstrip == (uint32_t)0)
        {
            if (!TIFFGetField(in, TIFFTAG_ROWSPERSTRIP, &rowsperstrip))
                rowsperstrip = TIFFDefaultStripSize(out, rowsperstrip);
            if (compression != COMPRESSION_JPEG)
            {
                if (rowsperstrip > length)
                    rowsperstrip = length;
            }
        }
        else if (rowsperstrip == (uint32_t)-1)
            rowsperstrip = length;
        TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_ROWSPERSTRIP, rowsperstrip);
    }

    TIFFGetFieldDefaulted(in, TIFFTAG_PLANARCONFIG, &input_planar);
    if (config != (uint16_t)-1)
        TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_PLANARCONFIG, config);
    else
        CopyField(TIFFTAG_PLANARCONFIG, config);
    if (spp <= 4)
        CopyTag(TIFFTAG_TRANSFERFUNCTION, 4, TIFF_SHORT);
    CopyTag(TIFFTAG_COLORMAP, 4, TIFF_SHORT);

    /* SMinSampleValue & SMaxSampleValue */
    switch (compression)
    {
        /* These are references to GLOBAL variables set by defaults
         * and /or the compression flag
         */
        case COMPRESSION_JPEG:
            if (((bps % 8) == 0) || ((bps % 12) == 0))
            {
                TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_JPEGQUALITY, quality);
                TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_JPEGCOLORMODE, JPEGCOLORMODE_RGB);
            }
            else
            {
                TIFFError("writeSingleSection",
                          "JPEG compression requires 8 or 12 bits per sample");
                return (-1);
            }
            break;
        case COMPRESSION_LZW:
        case COMPRESSION_ADOBE_DEFLATE:
        case COMPRESSION_DEFLATE:
            if (predictor != (uint16_t)-1)
                TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_PREDICTOR, predictor);
            else
                CopyField(TIFFTAG_PREDICTOR, predictor);
            break;
        case COMPRESSION_CCITTFAX3:
        case COMPRESSION_CCITTFAX4:
            if (bps != 1)
            {
                TIFFError("writeCroppedImage",
                          "Group 3/4 compression is not usable with bps > 1");
                return (-1);
            }
            if (compression == COMPRESSION_CCITTFAX3)
            {
                if (g3opts != (uint32_t)-1)
                    TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_GROUP3OPTIONS, g3opts);
                else
                    CopyField(TIFFTAG_GROUP3OPTIONS, g3opts);
            }
            else
            {
                CopyTag(TIFFTAG_GROUP4OPTIONS, 1, TIFF_LONG);
            }
            CopyTag(TIFFTAG_BADFAXLINES, 1, TIFF_LONG);
            CopyTag(TIFFTAG_CLEANFAXDATA, 1, TIFF_LONG);
            CopyTag(TIFFTAG_CONSECUTIVEBADFAXLINES, 1, TIFF_LONG);
            CopyTag(TIFFTAG_FAXRECVPARAMS, 1, TIFF_LONG);
            CopyTag(TIFFTAG_FAXRECVTIME, 1, TIFF_LONG);
            CopyTag(TIFFTAG_FAXSUBADDRESS, 1, TIFF_ASCII);
            break;
    }
    {
        uint32_t len32;
        void **data;
        if (TIFFGetField(in, TIFFTAG_ICCPROFILE, &len32, &data))
            TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_ICCPROFILE, len32, data);
    }
    {
        uint16_t ninks;
        const char *inknames;
        if (TIFFGetField(in, TIFFTAG_NUMBEROFINKS, &ninks))
        {
            TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_NUMBEROFINKS, ninks);
            if (TIFFGetField(in, TIFFTAG_INKNAMES, &inknames))
            {
                int inknameslen = (int)strlen(inknames) + 1;
                const char *cp = inknames;
                while (ninks > 1)
                {
                    cp = strchr(cp, '\0');
                    if (cp)
                    {
                        cp++;
                        inknameslen += ((int)strlen(cp) + 1);
                    }
                    ninks--;
                }
                TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_INKNAMES, inknameslen, inknames);
            }
        }
    }
    {
        unsigned short pg0, pg1;
        if (TIFFGetField(in, TIFFTAG_PAGENUMBER, &pg0, &pg1))
        {
            if (pageNum < 0) /* only one input file */
                TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_PAGENUMBER, pg0, pg1);
            else
                TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_PAGENUMBER, pageNum++, 0);
        }
    }

    for (p = tags; p < &tags[NTAGS]; p++)
        CopyTag(p->tag, p->count, p->type);

    /* Update these since they are overwritten from input res by loop above */
    TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_XRESOLUTION, (float)hres);
    TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_YRESOLUTION, (float)vres);

    /* Compute the tile or strip dimensions and write to disk */
    if (outtiled)
    {
        if (config == PLANARCONFIG_CONTIG)
            writeBufferToContigTiles(out, sect_buff, length, width, spp, dump);
        else
            writeBufferToSeparateTiles(out, sect_buff, length, width, spp,
                                       dump);
    }
    else
    {
        if (config == PLANARCONFIG_CONTIG)
            writeBufferToContigStrips(out, sect_buff, length);
        else
            writeBufferToSeparateStrips(out, sect_buff, length, width, spp,
                                        dump);
    }

    if (!TIFFWriteDirectory(out))
    {
        TIFFClose(out);
        return (-1);
    }

    return (0);
} /* end writeSingleSection */

/* Create a buffer to write one section at a time */
static int createImageSection(uint32_t sectsize, unsigned char **sect_buff_ptr)
{
    unsigned char *sect_buff = NULL;
    unsigned char *new_buff = NULL;
    static uint32_t prev_sectsize = 0;

    sect_buff = *sect_buff_ptr;

    if (!sect_buff)
    {
        sect_buff =
            (unsigned char *)limitMalloc(sectsize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);
        if (!sect_buff)
        {
            TIFFError("createImageSection",
                      "Unable to allocate/reallocate section buffer");
            return (-1);
        }
        _TIFFmemset(sect_buff, 0, sectsize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);
    }
    else
    {
        if (prev_sectsize < sectsize)
        {
            new_buff =
                _TIFFrealloc(sect_buff, sectsize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);
            if (!new_buff)
            {
                _TIFFfree(sect_buff);
                sect_buff = (unsigned char *)limitMalloc(
                    sectsize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);
            }
            else
                sect_buff = new_buff;

            if (!sect_buff)
            {
                TIFFError("createImageSection",
                          "Unable to allocate/reallocate section buffer");
                return (-1);
            }
            _TIFFmemset(sect_buff, 0, sectsize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);
        }
    }

    prev_sectsize = sectsize;
    *sect_buff_ptr = sect_buff;

    return (0);
} /* end createImageSection */

/* Process selections defined by regions, zones, margins, or fixed sized areas
 */
static int processCropSelections(struct image_data *image,
                                 struct crop_mask *crop,
                                 unsigned char **read_buff_ptr,
                                 struct buffinfo seg_buffs[])
{
    int i;
    uint32_t width, length, total_width, total_length;
    tsize_t cropsize;
    unsigned char *crop_buff = NULL;
    unsigned char *read_buff = NULL;
    unsigned char *next_buff = NULL;
    tsize_t prev_cropsize = 0;

    read_buff = *read_buff_ptr;

    if (crop->img_mode == COMPOSITE_IMAGES)
    {
        cropsize = crop->bufftotal;
        crop_buff = seg_buffs[0].buffer;
        if (!crop_buff)
            crop_buff = (unsigned char *)limitMalloc(cropsize +
                                                     NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);
        else
        {
            prev_cropsize = seg_buffs[0].size;
            if (prev_cropsize < cropsize)
            {
                next_buff =
                    _TIFFrealloc(crop_buff, cropsize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);
                if (!next_buff)
                {
                    _TIFFfree(crop_buff);
                    crop_buff = (unsigned char *)limitMalloc(
                        cropsize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);
                }
                else
                    crop_buff = next_buff;
            }
        }

        if (!crop_buff)
        {
            TIFFError("processCropSelections",
                      "Unable to allocate/reallocate crop buffer");
            return (-1);
        }

        _TIFFmemset(crop_buff, 0, cropsize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);
        seg_buffs[0].buffer = crop_buff;
        seg_buffs[0].size = cropsize;

        /* Checks for matching width or length as required */
        if (extractCompositeRegions(image, crop, read_buff, crop_buff) != 0)
            return (1);

        if (crop->crop_mode & CROP_INVERT)
        {
            switch (crop->photometric)
            {
                /* Just change the interpretation */
                case PHOTOMETRIC_MINISWHITE:
                case PHOTOMETRIC_MINISBLACK:
                    image->photometric = crop->photometric;
                    break;
                case INVERT_DATA_ONLY:
                case INVERT_DATA_AND_TAG:
                    if (invertImage(image->photometric, image->spp, image->bps,
                                    crop->combined_width, crop->combined_length,
                                    crop_buff))
                    {
                        TIFFError("processCropSelections",
                                  "Failed to invert colorspace for composite "
                                  "regions");
                        return (-1);
                    }
                    if (crop->photometric == INVERT_DATA_AND_TAG)
                    {
                        switch (image->photometric)
                        {
                            case PHOTOMETRIC_MINISWHITE:
                                image->photometric = PHOTOMETRIC_MINISBLACK;
                                break;
                            case PHOTOMETRIC_MINISBLACK:
                                image->photometric = PHOTOMETRIC_MINISWHITE;
                                break;
                            default:
                                break;
                        }
                    }
                    break;
                default:
                    break;
            }
        }

        /* Mirror and Rotate will not work with multiple regions unless they are
         * the same width */
        if (crop->crop_mode & CROP_MIRROR)
        {
            if (mirrorImage(image->spp, image->bps, crop->mirror,
                            crop->combined_width, crop->combined_length,
                            crop_buff))
            {
                TIFFError("processCropSelections",
                          "Failed to mirror composite regions %s",
                          (crop->rotation == MIRROR_HORIZ) ? "horizontally"
                                                           : "vertically");
                return (-1);
            }
        }

        if (crop->crop_mode & CROP_ROTATE) /* rotate should be last as it can
                                              reallocate the buffer */
        {
            /* rotateImage() set up a new buffer and calculates its size
             * individually. Therefore, seg_buffs size  needs to be updated
             * accordingly. */
            size_t rot_buf_size = 0;
            if (rotateImage(crop->rotation, image, &crop->combined_width,
                            &crop->combined_length, &crop_buff, &rot_buf_size,
                            FALSE))
            {
                TIFFError("processCropSelections",
                          "Failed to rotate composite regions by %" PRIu32
                          " degrees",
                          crop->rotation);
                return (-1);
            }
            seg_buffs[0].buffer = crop_buff;
            seg_buffs[0].size = rot_buf_size;
        }
    }
    else /* Separated Images */
    {
        total_width = total_length = 0;
        for (i = 0; i < crop->selections; i++)
        {

            cropsize = crop->bufftotal;
            crop_buff = seg_buffs[i].buffer;
            if (!crop_buff)
                crop_buff = (unsigned char *)limitMalloc(
                    cropsize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);
            else
            {
                prev_cropsize = seg_buffs[i].size;
                if (prev_cropsize < cropsize)
                {
                    next_buff = _TIFFrealloc(
                        crop_buff, cropsize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);
                    if (!next_buff)
                    {
                        _TIFFfree(crop_buff);
                        crop_buff = (unsigned char *)limitMalloc(
                            cropsize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);
                    }
                    else
                        crop_buff = next_buff;
                }
            }

            if (!crop_buff)
            {
                TIFFError("processCropSelections",
                          "Unable to allocate/reallocate crop buffer");
                return (-1);
            }

            _TIFFmemset(crop_buff, 0, cropsize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);
            seg_buffs[i].buffer = crop_buff;
            seg_buffs[i].size = cropsize;

            if (extractSeparateRegion(image, crop, read_buff, crop_buff, i))
            {
                TIFFError("processCropSelections",
                          "Unable to extract cropped region %d from image", i);
                return (-1);
            }

            width = crop->regionlist[i].width;
            length = crop->regionlist[i].length;

            if (crop->crop_mode & CROP_INVERT)
            {
                switch (crop->photometric)
                {
                    /* Just change the interpretation */
                    case PHOTOMETRIC_MINISWHITE:
                    case PHOTOMETRIC_MINISBLACK:
                        image->photometric = crop->photometric;
                        break;
                    case INVERT_DATA_ONLY:
                    case INVERT_DATA_AND_TAG:
                        if (invertImage(image->photometric, image->spp,
                                        image->bps, width, length, crop_buff))
                        {
                            TIFFError("processCropSelections",
                                      "Failed to invert colorspace for region");
                            return (-1);
                        }
                        if (crop->photometric == INVERT_DATA_AND_TAG)
                        {
                            switch (image->photometric)
                            {
                                case PHOTOMETRIC_MINISWHITE:
                                    image->photometric = PHOTOMETRIC_MINISBLACK;
                                    break;
                                case PHOTOMETRIC_MINISBLACK:
                                    image->photometric = PHOTOMETRIC_MINISWHITE;
                                    break;
                                default:
                                    break;
                            }
                        }
                        break;
                    default:
                        break;
                }
            }

            if (crop->crop_mode & CROP_MIRROR)
            {
                if (mirrorImage(image->spp, image->bps, crop->mirror, width,
                                length, crop_buff))
                {
                    TIFFError("processCropSelections",
                              "Failed to mirror crop region %s",
                              (crop->rotation == MIRROR_HORIZ) ? "horizontally"
                                                               : "vertically");
                    return (-1);
                }
            }

            if (crop->crop_mode & CROP_ROTATE) /* rotate should be last as it
                                                  can reallocate the buffer */
            {
                /* rotateImage() changes image->width, ->length, ->xres and
                 * ->yres, what it schouldn't do here, when more than one
                 * section is processed. ToDo: Therefore rotateImage() and its
                 * usage has to be reworked (e.g. like mirrorImage()) !!
                 * Furthermore, rotateImage() set up a new buffer and calculates
                 * its size individually. Therefore, seg_buffs size  needs to be
                 * updated accordingly. */
                size_t rot_buf_size = 0;
                if (rotateImage(crop->rotation, image,
                                &crop->regionlist[i].width,
                                &crop->regionlist[i].length, &crop_buff,
                                &rot_buf_size, FALSE))
                {
                    TIFFError("processCropSelections",
                              "Failed to rotate crop region by %" PRIu16
                              " degrees",
                              crop->rotation);
                    return (-1);
                }
                total_width += crop->regionlist[i].width;
                total_length += crop->regionlist[i].length;
                crop->combined_width = total_width;
                crop->combined_length = total_length;
                seg_buffs[i].buffer = crop_buff;
                seg_buffs[i].size = rot_buf_size;
            }
        } /* for crop->selections loop */
    }     /* Separated Images (else case) */
    return (0);
} /* end processCropSelections */

/* Copy the crop section of the data from the current image into a buffer
 * and adjust the IFD values to reflect the new size. If no cropping is
 * required, use the original read buffer as the crop buffer.
 *
 * There is quite a bit of redundancy between this routine and the more
 * specialized processCropSelections, but this provides
 * the most optimized path when no Zones or Regions are required.
 */
static int createCroppedImage(struct image_data *image, struct crop_mask *crop,
                              unsigned char **read_buff_ptr,
                              unsigned char **crop_buff_ptr)
{
    tsize_t cropsize;
    unsigned char *read_buff = NULL;
    unsigned char *crop_buff = NULL;
    unsigned char *new_buff = NULL;
    static tsize_t prev_cropsize = 0;

    read_buff = *read_buff_ptr;

    /* Memory is freed before crop_buff_ptr is overwritten */
    if (*crop_buff_ptr != NULL)
    {
        _TIFFfree(*crop_buff_ptr);
    }

    /* process full image, no crop buffer needed */
    *crop_buff_ptr = read_buff;
    crop->combined_width = image->width;
    crop->combined_length = image->length;

    cropsize = crop->bufftotal;
    crop_buff = *crop_buff_ptr;
    if (!crop_buff)
    {
        crop_buff =
            (unsigned char *)limitMalloc(cropsize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);
        if (!crop_buff)
        {
            TIFFError("createCroppedImage",
                      "Unable to allocate/reallocate crop buffer");
            return (-1);
        }
        _TIFFmemset(crop_buff, 0, cropsize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);
        prev_cropsize = cropsize;
    }
    else
    {
        if (prev_cropsize < cropsize)
        {
            new_buff =
                _TIFFrealloc(crop_buff, cropsize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);
            if (!new_buff)
            {
                free(crop_buff);
                crop_buff = (unsigned char *)limitMalloc(
                    cropsize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);
            }
            else
                crop_buff = new_buff;
            if (!crop_buff)
            {
                TIFFError("createCroppedImage",
                          "Unable to allocate/reallocate crop buffer");
                return (-1);
            }
            _TIFFmemset(crop_buff, 0, cropsize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);
        }
    }

    *crop_buff_ptr = crop_buff;

    if (crop->crop_mode & CROP_INVERT)
    {
        switch (crop->photometric)
        {
            /* Just change the interpretation */
            case PHOTOMETRIC_MINISWHITE:
            case PHOTOMETRIC_MINISBLACK:
                image->photometric = crop->photometric;
                break;
            case INVERT_DATA_ONLY:
            case INVERT_DATA_AND_TAG:
                if (invertImage(image->photometric, image->spp, image->bps,
                                crop->combined_width, crop->combined_length,
                                crop_buff))
                {
                    TIFFError("createCroppedImage",
                              "Failed to invert colorspace for image or "
                              "cropped selection");
                    return (-1);
                }
                if (crop->photometric == INVERT_DATA_AND_TAG)
                {
                    switch (image->photometric)
                    {
                        case PHOTOMETRIC_MINISWHITE:
                            image->photometric = PHOTOMETRIC_MINISBLACK;
                            break;
                        case PHOTOMETRIC_MINISBLACK:
                            image->photometric = PHOTOMETRIC_MINISWHITE;
                            break;
                        default:
                            break;
                    }
                }
                break;
            default:
                break;
        }
    }

    if (crop->crop_mode & CROP_MIRROR)
    {
        if (mirrorImage(image->spp, image->bps, crop->mirror,
                        crop->combined_width, crop->combined_length, crop_buff))
        {
            TIFFError("createCroppedImage",
                      "Failed to mirror image or cropped selection %s",
                      (crop->rotation == MIRROR_HORIZ) ? "horizontally"
                                                       : "vertically");
            return (-1);
        }
    }

    if (crop->crop_mode &
        CROP_ROTATE) /* rotate should be last as it can reallocate the buffer */
    {
        if (rotateImage(crop->rotation, image, &crop->combined_width,
                        &crop->combined_length, crop_buff_ptr, NULL, TRUE))
        {
            TIFFError("createCroppedImage",
                      "Failed to rotate image or cropped selection by %" PRIu16
                      " degrees",
                      crop->rotation);
            return (-1);
        }
    }

    if (crop_buff ==
        read_buff)             /* we used the read buffer for the crop buffer */
        *read_buff_ptr = NULL; /* so we don't try to free it later */

    return (0);
} /* end createCroppedImage */

/* Code in this function is heavily indebted to code in tiffcp
 * with modifications by Richard Nolde to handle orientation correctly.
 * It will have to be updated significantly if support is added to
 * extract one or more samples from original image since the
 * original code assumes we are always copying all samples.
 * Use of global variables for config, compression and others
 * should be replaced by addition to the crop_mask struct (which
 * will be renamed to proc_opts indicating that is controls
 * user supplied processing options, not just cropping) and
 * then passed in as an argument.
 */
static int writeCroppedImage(TIFF *in, TIFF *out, struct image_data *image,
                             struct dump_opts *dump, uint32_t width,
                             uint32_t length, unsigned char *crop_buff,
                             int pagenum, int total_pages)
{
    uint16_t bps, spp;
    uint16_t input_compression, input_photometric;
    uint16_t input_planar;
    const struct cpTag *p;

    input_compression = image->compression;
    input_photometric = image->photometric;
    spp = image->spp;
    bps = image->bps;

    TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_IMAGEWIDTH, width);
    TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_IMAGELENGTH, length);
    TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_BITSPERSAMPLE, bps);
    TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_SAMPLESPERPIXEL, spp);

#ifdef DEBUG2
    TIFFError("writeCroppedImage", "Input compression: %s",
              (input_compression == COMPRESSION_OJPEG)
                  ? "Old Jpeg"
                  : ((input_compression == COMPRESSION_JPEG) ? "New Jpeg"
                                                             : "Non Jpeg"));
#endif

    if (compression != (uint16_t)-1)
        TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_COMPRESSION, compression);
    else
    {
        if (input_compression == COMPRESSION_OJPEG)
        {
            compression = COMPRESSION_JPEG;
            jpegcolormode = JPEGCOLORMODE_RAW;
            TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_COMPRESSION, COMPRESSION_JPEG);
        }
        else
            CopyField(TIFFTAG_COMPRESSION, compression);
    }

    if (compression == COMPRESSION_JPEG)
    {
        if ((input_photometric ==
             PHOTOMETRIC_PALETTE) ||                 /* color map indexed */
            (input_photometric == PHOTOMETRIC_MASK)) /* $holdout mask */
        {
            TIFFError("writeCroppedImage",
                      "JPEG compression cannot be used with %s image data",
                      (input_photometric == PHOTOMETRIC_PALETTE) ? "palette"
                                                                 : "mask");
            return (-1);
        }
        if ((input_photometric == PHOTOMETRIC_RGB) &&
            (jpegcolormode == JPEGCOLORMODE_RGB))
            TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_PHOTOMETRIC, PHOTOMETRIC_YCBCR);
        else
            TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_PHOTOMETRIC, input_photometric);
    }
    else
    {
        if (compression == COMPRESSION_SGILOG ||
            compression == COMPRESSION_SGILOG24)
        {
            TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_PHOTOMETRIC,
                         spp == 1 ? PHOTOMETRIC_LOGL : PHOTOMETRIC_LOGLUV);
        }
        else
        {
            if (input_compression == COMPRESSION_SGILOG ||
                input_compression == COMPRESSION_SGILOG24)
            {
                TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_PHOTOMETRIC,
                             spp == 1 ? PHOTOMETRIC_LOGL : PHOTOMETRIC_LOGLUV);
            }
            else
                TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_PHOTOMETRIC, image->photometric);
        }
    }

    if (((input_photometric == PHOTOMETRIC_LOGL) ||
         (input_photometric == PHOTOMETRIC_LOGLUV)) &&
        ((compression != COMPRESSION_SGILOG) &&
         (compression != COMPRESSION_SGILOG24)))
    {
        TIFFError("writeCroppedImage", "LogL and LogLuv source data require "
                                       "SGI_LOG or SGI_LOG24 compression");
        return (-1);
    }

    if (fillorder != 0)
        TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_FILLORDER, fillorder);
    else
        CopyTag(TIFFTAG_FILLORDER, 1, TIFF_SHORT);

    /* The loadimage function reads input orientation and sets
     * image->orientation. The correct_image_orientation function
     * applies the required rotation and mirror operations to
     * present the data in TOPLEFT orientation and updates
     * image->orientation if any transforms are performed,
     * as per EXIF standard.
     */
    TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_ORIENTATION, image->orientation);

    /*
     * Choose tiles/strip for the output image according to
     * the command line arguments (-tiles, -strips) and the
     * structure of the input image.
     */
    if (outtiled == -1)
        outtiled = TIFFIsTiled(in);
    if (outtiled)
    {
        /*
         * Setup output file's tile width&height.  If either
         * is not specified, use either the value from the
         * input image or, if nothing is defined, use the
         * library default.
         */
        if (tilewidth == (uint32_t)0)
            TIFFGetField(in, TIFFTAG_TILEWIDTH, &tilewidth);
        if (tilelength == (uint32_t)0)
            TIFFGetField(in, TIFFTAG_TILELENGTH, &tilelength);

        if (tilewidth == 0 || tilelength == 0)
            TIFFDefaultTileSize(out, &tilewidth, &tilelength);
        TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_TILEWIDTH, tilewidth);
        TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_TILELENGTH, tilelength);
    }
    else
    {
        /*
         * RowsPerStrip is left unspecified: use either the
         * value from the input image or, if nothing is defined,
         * use the library default.
         */
        if (rowsperstrip == (uint32_t)0)
        {
            if (!TIFFGetField(in, TIFFTAG_ROWSPERSTRIP, &rowsperstrip))
                rowsperstrip = TIFFDefaultStripSize(out, rowsperstrip);
            if (compression != COMPRESSION_JPEG)
            {
                if (rowsperstrip > length)
                    rowsperstrip = length;
            }
        }
        else if (rowsperstrip == (uint32_t)-1)
            rowsperstrip = length;
        TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_ROWSPERSTRIP, rowsperstrip);
    }

    TIFFGetFieldDefaulted(in, TIFFTAG_PLANARCONFIG, &input_planar);
    if (config != (uint16_t)-1)
        TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_PLANARCONFIG, config);
    else
        CopyField(TIFFTAG_PLANARCONFIG, config);
    if (spp <= 4)
        CopyTag(TIFFTAG_TRANSFERFUNCTION, 4, TIFF_SHORT);
    CopyTag(TIFFTAG_COLORMAP, 4, TIFF_SHORT);

    /* SMinSampleValue & SMaxSampleValue */
    switch (compression)
    {
        case COMPRESSION_JPEG:
            if (((bps % 8) == 0) || ((bps % 12) == 0))
            {
                TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_JPEGQUALITY, quality);
                TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_JPEGCOLORMODE, JPEGCOLORMODE_RGB);
            }
            else
            {
                TIFFError("writeCroppedImage",
                          "JPEG compression requires 8 or 12 bits per sample");
                return (-1);
            }
            break;
        case COMPRESSION_LZW:
        case COMPRESSION_ADOBE_DEFLATE:
        case COMPRESSION_DEFLATE:
            if (predictor != (uint16_t)-1)
                TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_PREDICTOR, predictor);
            else
                CopyField(TIFFTAG_PREDICTOR, predictor);
            break;
        case COMPRESSION_CCITTFAX3:
        case COMPRESSION_CCITTFAX4:
            if (bps != 1)
            {
                TIFFError("writeCroppedImage",
                          "Group 3/4 compression is not usable with bps > 1");
                return (-1);
            }
            if (compression == COMPRESSION_CCITTFAX3)
            {
                if (g3opts != (uint32_t)-1)
                    TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_GROUP3OPTIONS, g3opts);
                else
                    CopyField(TIFFTAG_GROUP3OPTIONS, g3opts);
            }
            else
            {
                CopyTag(TIFFTAG_GROUP4OPTIONS, 1, TIFF_LONG);
            }
            CopyTag(TIFFTAG_BADFAXLINES, 1, TIFF_LONG);
            CopyTag(TIFFTAG_CLEANFAXDATA, 1, TIFF_LONG);
            CopyTag(TIFFTAG_CONSECUTIVEBADFAXLINES, 1, TIFF_LONG);
            CopyTag(TIFFTAG_FAXRECVPARAMS, 1, TIFF_LONG);
            CopyTag(TIFFTAG_FAXRECVTIME, 1, TIFF_LONG);
            CopyTag(TIFFTAG_FAXSUBADDRESS, 1, TIFF_ASCII);
            break;
        case COMPRESSION_NONE:
            break;
        default:
            break;
    }
    {
        uint32_t len32;
        void **data;
        if (TIFFGetField(in, TIFFTAG_ICCPROFILE, &len32, &data))
            TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_ICCPROFILE, len32, data);
    }
    {
        uint16_t ninks;
        const char *inknames;
        if (TIFFGetField(in, TIFFTAG_NUMBEROFINKS, &ninks))
        {
            TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_NUMBEROFINKS, ninks);
            if (TIFFGetField(in, TIFFTAG_INKNAMES, &inknames))
            {
                int inknameslen = (int)strlen(inknames) + 1;
                const char *cp = inknames;
                while (ninks > 1)
                {
                    cp = strchr(cp, '\0');
                    if (cp)
                    {
                        cp++;
                        inknameslen += ((int)strlen(cp) + 1);
                    }
                    ninks--;
                }
                TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_INKNAMES, inknameslen, inknames);
            }
        }
    }
    {
        unsigned short pg0, pg1;
        if (TIFFGetField(in, TIFFTAG_PAGENUMBER, &pg0, &pg1))
        {
            TIFFSetField(out, TIFFTAG_PAGENUMBER, pagenum, total_pages);
        }
    }

    for (p = tags; p < &tags[NTAGS]; p++)
        CopyTag(p->tag, p->count, p->type);

    /* Compute the tile or strip dimensions and write to disk */
    if (outtiled)
    {
        if (config == PLANARCONFIG_CONTIG)
        {
            if (writeBufferToContigTiles(out, crop_buff, length, width, spp,
                                         dump))
                TIFFError("",
                          "Unable to write contiguous tile data for page %d",
                          pagenum);
        }
        else
        {
            if (writeBufferToSeparateTiles(out, crop_buff, length, width, spp,
                                           dump))
                TIFFError("", "Unable to write separate tile data for page %d",
                          pagenum);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        if (config == PLANARCONFIG_CONTIG)
        {
            if (writeBufferToContigStrips(out, crop_buff, length))
                TIFFError("",
                          "Unable to write contiguous strip data for page %d",
                          pagenum);
        }
        else
        {
            if (writeBufferToSeparateStrips(out, crop_buff, length, width, spp,
                                            dump))
                TIFFError("", "Unable to write separate strip data for page %d",
                          pagenum);
        }
    }

    if (!TIFFWriteDirectory(out))
    {
        TIFFError("", "Failed to write IFD for page number %d", pagenum);
        return (-1);
    }

    return (0);
} /* end writeCroppedImage */

static int rotateContigSamples8bits(uint16_t rotation, uint16_t spp,
                                    uint16_t bps, uint32_t width,
                                    uint32_t length, uint32_t col, uint8_t *src,
                                    uint8_t *dst)
{
    int ready_bits = 0;
    uint32_t src_byte = 0, src_bit = 0;
    uint32_t row, rowsize = 0, bit_offset = 0;
    uint8_t matchbits = 0, maskbits = 0;
    uint8_t buff1 = 0, buff2 = 0;
    uint8_t *next;
    tsample_t sample;

    if ((src == NULL) || (dst == NULL))
    {
        TIFFError("rotateContigSamples8bits",
                  "Invalid src or destination buffer");
        return (1);
    }

    rowsize = ((bps * spp * width) + 7) / 8;
    ready_bits = 0;
    maskbits = (uint8_t)-1 >> (8 - bps);
    buff1 = buff2 = 0;

    for (row = 0; row < length; row++)
    {
        bit_offset = col * bps * spp;
        for (sample = 0; sample < spp; sample++)
        {
            if (sample == 0)
            {
                src_byte = bit_offset / 8;
                src_bit = bit_offset % 8;
            }
            else
            {
                src_byte = (bit_offset + (sample * bps)) / 8;
                src_bit = (bit_offset + (sample * bps)) % 8;
            }

            switch (rotation)
            {
                case 90:
                    next = src + src_byte - (row * rowsize);
                    break;
                case 270:
                    next = src + src_byte + (row * rowsize);
                    break;
                default:
                    TIFFError("rotateContigSamples8bits",
                              "Invalid rotation %" PRIu16, rotation);
                    return (1);
            }
            matchbits = maskbits << (8 - src_bit - bps);
            buff1 = ((*next) & matchbits) << (src_bit);

            /* If we have a full buffer's worth, write it out */
            if (ready_bits >= 8)
            {
                *dst++ = buff2;
                buff2 = buff1;
                ready_bits -= 8;
            }
            else
            {
                buff2 = (buff2 | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
            }
            ready_bits += bps;
        }
    }

    if (ready_bits > 0)
    {
        buff1 = (buff2 & ((unsigned int)255 << (8 - ready_bits)));
        *dst++ = buff1;
    }

    return (0);
} /* end rotateContigSamples8bits */

static int rotateContigSamples16bits(uint16_t rotation, uint16_t spp,
                                     uint16_t bps, uint32_t width,
                                     uint32_t length, uint32_t col,
                                     uint8_t *src, uint8_t *dst)
{
    int ready_bits = 0;
    uint32_t row, rowsize, bit_offset;
    uint32_t src_byte = 0, src_bit = 0;
    uint16_t matchbits = 0, maskbits = 0;
    uint16_t buff1 = 0, buff2 = 0;
    uint8_t bytebuff = 0;
    uint8_t *next;
    tsample_t sample;

    if ((src == NULL) || (dst == NULL))
    {
        TIFFError("rotateContigSamples16bits",
                  "Invalid src or destination buffer");
        return (1);
    }

    rowsize = ((bps * spp * width) + 7) / 8;
    ready_bits = 0;
    maskbits = (uint16_t)-1 >> (16 - bps);
    buff1 = buff2 = 0;
    for (row = 0; row < length; row++)
    {
        bit_offset = col * bps * spp;
        for (sample = 0; sample < spp; sample++)
        {
            if (sample == 0)
            {
                src_byte = bit_offset / 8;
                src_bit = bit_offset % 8;
            }
            else
            {
                src_byte = (bit_offset + (sample * bps)) / 8;
                src_bit = (bit_offset + (sample * bps)) % 8;
            }

            switch (rotation)
            {
                case 90:
                    next = src + src_byte - (row * rowsize);
                    break;
                case 270:
                    next = src + src_byte + (row * rowsize);
                    break;
                default:
                    TIFFError("rotateContigSamples8bits",
                              "Invalid rotation %" PRIu16, rotation);
                    return (1);
            }
            matchbits = maskbits << (16 - src_bit - bps);
            if (little_endian)
                buff1 = (next[0] << 8) | next[1];
            else
                buff1 = (next[1] << 8) | next[0];

            buff1 = (buff1 & matchbits) << (src_bit);

            /* If we have a full buffer's worth, write it out */
            if (ready_bits >= 8)
            {
                bytebuff = (buff2 >> 8);
                *dst++ = bytebuff;
                ready_bits -= 8;
                /* shift in new bits */
                buff2 = ((buff2 << 8) | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
            }
            else
            { /* add another bps bits to the buffer */
                bytebuff = 0;
                buff2 = (buff2 | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
            }
            ready_bits += bps;
        }
    }

    if (ready_bits > 0)
    {
        bytebuff = (buff2 >> 8);
        *dst++ = bytebuff;
    }

    return (0);
} /* end rotateContigSamples16bits */

static int rotateContigSamples24bits(uint16_t rotation, uint16_t spp,
                                     uint16_t bps, uint32_t width,
                                     uint32_t length, uint32_t col,
                                     uint8_t *src, uint8_t *dst)
{
    int ready_bits = 0;
    uint32_t row, rowsize, bit_offset;
    uint32_t src_byte = 0, src_bit = 0;
    uint32_t matchbits = 0, maskbits = 0;
    uint32_t buff1 = 0, buff2 = 0;
    uint8_t bytebuff1 = 0, bytebuff2 = 0;
    uint8_t *next;
    tsample_t sample;

    if ((src == NULL) || (dst == NULL))
    {
        TIFFError("rotateContigSamples24bits",
                  "Invalid src or destination buffer");
        return (1);
    }

    rowsize = ((bps * spp * width) + 7) / 8;
    ready_bits = 0;
    maskbits = (uint32_t)-1 >> (32 - bps);
    buff1 = buff2 = 0;
    for (row = 0; row < length; row++)
    {
        bit_offset = col * bps * spp;
        for (sample = 0; sample < spp; sample++)
        {
            if (sample == 0)
            {
                src_byte = bit_offset / 8;
                src_bit = bit_offset % 8;
            }
            else
            {
                src_byte = (bit_offset + (sample * bps)) / 8;
                src_bit = (bit_offset + (sample * bps)) % 8;
            }

            switch (rotation)
            {
                case 90:
                    next = src + src_byte - (row * rowsize);
                    break;
                case 270:
                    next = src + src_byte + (row * rowsize);
                    break;
                default:
                    TIFFError("rotateContigSamples8bits",
                              "Invalid rotation %" PRIu16, rotation);
                    return (1);
            }
            matchbits = maskbits << (32 - src_bit - bps);
            if (little_endian)
                buff1 = (next[0] << 24) | (next[1] << 16) | (next[2] << 8) |
                        next[3];
            else
                buff1 = (next[3] << 24) | (next[2] << 16) | (next[1] << 8) |
                        next[0];
            buff1 = (buff1 & matchbits) << (src_bit);

            /* If we have a full buffer's worth, write it out */
            if (ready_bits >= 16)
            {
                bytebuff1 = (buff2 >> 24);
                *dst++ = bytebuff1;
                bytebuff2 = (buff2 >> 16);
                *dst++ = bytebuff2;
                ready_bits -= 16;

                /* shift in new bits */
                buff2 = ((buff2 << 16) | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
            }
            else
            { /* add another bps bits to the buffer */
                bytebuff1 = bytebuff2 = 0;
                buff2 = (buff2 | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
            }
            ready_bits += bps;
        }
    }

    /* catch any trailing bits at the end of the line */
    while (ready_bits > 0)
    {
        bytebuff1 = (buff2 >> 24);
        *dst++ = bytebuff1;

        buff2 = (buff2 << 8);
        bytebuff2 = bytebuff1;
        ready_bits -= 8;
    }

    return (0);
} /* end rotateContigSamples24bits */

static int rotateContigSamples32bits(uint16_t rotation, uint16_t spp,
                                     uint16_t bps, uint32_t width,
                                     uint32_t length, uint32_t col,
                                     uint8_t *src, uint8_t *dst)
{
    int ready_bits = 0 /*, shift_width = 0 */;
    /* int    bytes_per_sample, bytes_per_pixel; */
    uint32_t row, rowsize, bit_offset;
    uint32_t src_byte, src_bit;
    uint32_t longbuff1 = 0, longbuff2 = 0;
    uint64_t maskbits = 0, matchbits = 0;
    uint64_t buff1 = 0, buff2 = 0, buff3 = 0;
    uint8_t bytebuff1 = 0, bytebuff2 = 0, bytebuff3 = 0, bytebuff4 = 0;
    uint8_t *next;
    tsample_t sample;

    if ((src == NULL) || (dst == NULL))
    {
        TIFFError("rotateContigSamples24bits",
                  "Invalid src or destination buffer");
        return (1);
    }

    /* bytes_per_sample = (bps + 7) / 8; */
    /* bytes_per_pixel  = ((bps * spp) + 7) / 8; */
    /* if (bytes_per_pixel < (bytes_per_sample + 1)) */
    /*   shift_width = bytes_per_pixel; */
    /* else */
    /*   shift_width = bytes_per_sample + 1; */

    rowsize = ((bps * spp * width) + 7) / 8;
    ready_bits = 0;
    maskbits = (uint64_t)-1 >> (64 - bps);
    buff1 = buff2 = 0;
    for (row = 0; row < length; row++)
    {
        bit_offset = col * bps * spp;
        for (sample = 0; sample < spp; sample++)
        {
            if (sample == 0)
            {
                src_byte = bit_offset / 8;
                src_bit = bit_offset % 8;
            }
            else
            {
                src_byte = (bit_offset + (sample * bps)) / 8;
                src_bit = (bit_offset + (sample * bps)) % 8;
            }

            switch (rotation)
            {
                case 90:
                    next = src + src_byte - (row * rowsize);
                    break;
                case 270:
                    next = src + src_byte + (row * rowsize);
                    break;
                default:
                    TIFFError("rotateContigSamples8bits",
                              "Invalid rotation %" PRIu16, rotation);
                    return (1);
            }
            matchbits = maskbits << (64 - src_bit - bps);
            if (little_endian)
            {
                longbuff1 = (next[0] << 24) | (next[1] << 16) | (next[2] << 8) |
                            next[3];
                longbuff2 = longbuff1;
            }
            else
            {
                longbuff1 = (next[3] << 24) | (next[2] << 16) | (next[1] << 8) |
                            next[0];
                longbuff2 = longbuff1;
            }

            buff3 = ((uint64_t)longbuff1 << 32) | longbuff2;
            buff1 = (buff3 & matchbits) << (src_bit);

            if (ready_bits < 32)
            { /* add another bps bits to the buffer */
                bytebuff1 = bytebuff2 = bytebuff3 = bytebuff4 = 0;
                buff2 = (buff2 | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
            }
            else /* If we have a full buffer's worth, write it out */
            {
                bytebuff1 = (uint8_t)(buff2 >> 56);
                *dst++ = bytebuff1;
                bytebuff2 = (uint8_t)(buff2 >> 48);
                *dst++ = bytebuff2;
                bytebuff3 = (uint8_t)(buff2 >> 40);
                *dst++ = bytebuff3;
                bytebuff4 = (uint8_t)(buff2 >> 32);
                *dst++ = bytebuff4;
                ready_bits -= 32;

                /* shift in new bits */
                buff2 = ((buff2 << 32) | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
            }
            ready_bits += bps;
        }
    }
    while (ready_bits > 0)
    {
        bytebuff1 = (buff2 >> 56);
        *dst++ = bytebuff1;
        buff2 = (buff2 << 8);
        ready_bits -= 8;
    }

    return (0);
} /* end rotateContigSamples32bits */

/* Rotate an image by a multiple of 90 degrees clockwise */
static int rotateImage(uint16_t rotation, struct image_data *image,
                       uint32_t *img_width, uint32_t *img_length,
                       unsigned char **ibuff_ptr, size_t *rot_buf_size,
                       int rot_image_params)
{
    int shift_width;
    uint32_t bytes_per_pixel, bytes_per_sample;
    uint32_t row, rowsize, src_offset, dst_offset;
    uint32_t i, col, width, length;
    uint32_t colsize, col_offset, pix_offset;
    tmsize_t buffsize;
    unsigned char *ibuff;
    unsigned char *src;
    unsigned char *dst;
    uint16_t spp, bps;
    float res_temp;
    unsigned char *rbuff = NULL;

    width = *img_width;
    length = *img_length;
    spp = image->spp;
    bps = image->bps;

    if ((spp != 0 && bps != 0 &&
         width > (uint32_t)((UINT32_MAX - 7) / spp / bps)) ||
        (spp != 0 && bps != 0 &&
         length > (uint32_t)((UINT32_MAX - 7) / spp / bps)))
    {
        TIFFError("rotateImage", "Integer overflow detected.");
        return (-1);
    }
    rowsize = ((bps * spp * width) + 7) / 8;
    colsize = ((bps * spp * length) + 7) / 8;
    if ((colsize * width) > (rowsize * length))
    {
        if (((tmsize_t)colsize + 1) != 0 &&
            (tmsize_t)width > ((TIFF_TMSIZE_T_MAX - NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES) /
                               ((tmsize_t)colsize + 1)))
        {
            TIFFError("rotateImage",
                      "Integer overflow when calculating buffer size.");
            return (-1);
        }
        buffsize = ((tmsize_t)colsize + 1) * width;
    }
    else
    {
        if (((tmsize_t)rowsize + 1) != 0 &&
            (tmsize_t)length > ((TIFF_TMSIZE_T_MAX - NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES) /
                                ((tmsize_t)rowsize + 1)))
        {
            TIFFError("rotateImage",
                      "Integer overflow when calculating buffer size.");
            return (-1);
        }
        buffsize = ((tmsize_t)rowsize + 1) * length;
    }

    bytes_per_sample = (bps + 7) / 8;
    bytes_per_pixel = ((bps * spp) + 7) / 8;
    if (bytes_per_pixel < (bytes_per_sample + 1))
        shift_width = bytes_per_pixel;
    else
        shift_width = bytes_per_sample + 1;

    switch (rotation)
    {
        case 0:
        case 360:
            return (0);
        case 90:
        case 180:
        case 270:
            break;
        default:
            TIFFError("rotateImage", "Invalid rotation angle %" PRIu16,
                      rotation);
            return (-1);
    }

    /* Add 3 padding bytes for extractContigSamplesShifted32bits */
    if (!(rbuff =
              (unsigned char *)limitMalloc(buffsize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES)))
    {
        TIFFError("rotateImage",
                  "Unable to allocate rotation buffer of %" TIFF_SSIZE_FORMAT
                  " bytes ",
                  buffsize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);
        return (-1);
    }
    _TIFFmemset(rbuff, '\0', buffsize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);
    if (rot_buf_size != NULL)
        *rot_buf_size = buffsize;

    ibuff = *ibuff_ptr;
    switch (rotation)
    {
        case 180:
            if ((bps % 8) == 0) /* byte aligned data */
            {
                src = ibuff;
                pix_offset = (spp * bps) / 8;
                for (row = 0; row < length; row++)
                {
                    dst_offset = (length - row - 1) * rowsize;
                    for (col = 0; col < width; col++)
                    {
                        col_offset = (width - col - 1) * pix_offset;
                        dst = rbuff + dst_offset + col_offset;

                        for (i = 0; i < bytes_per_pixel; i++)
                            *dst++ = *src++;
                    }
                }
            }
            else
            { /* non 8 bit per sample data */
                for (row = 0; row < length; row++)
                {
                    src_offset = row * rowsize;
                    dst_offset = (length - row - 1) * rowsize;
                    src = ibuff + src_offset;
                    dst = rbuff + dst_offset;
                    switch (shift_width)
                    {
                        case 1:
                            if (bps == 1)
                            {
                                if (reverseSamples8bits(spp, bps, width, src,
                                                        dst))
                                {
                                    _TIFFfree(rbuff);
                                    return (-1);
                                }
                                break;
                            }
                            if (reverseSamples16bits(spp, bps, width, src, dst))
                            {
                                _TIFFfree(rbuff);
                                return (-1);
                            }
                            break;
                        case 2:
                            if (reverseSamples24bits(spp, bps, width, src, dst))
                            {
                                _TIFFfree(rbuff);
                                return (-1);
                            }
                            break;
                        case 3:
                        case 4:
                        case 5:
                            if (reverseSamples32bits(spp, bps, width, src, dst))
                            {
                                _TIFFfree(rbuff);
                                return (-1);
                            }
                            break;
                        default:
                            TIFFError("rotateImage",
                                      "Unsupported bit depth %" PRIu16, bps);
                            _TIFFfree(rbuff);
                            return (-1);
                    }
                }
            }
            _TIFFfree(ibuff);
            *(ibuff_ptr) = rbuff;
            break;

        case 90:
            if ((bps % 8) == 0) /* byte aligned data */
            {
                for (col = 0; col < width; col++)
                {
                    src_offset =
                        ((length - 1) * rowsize) + (col * bytes_per_pixel);
                    dst_offset = col * colsize;
                    src = ibuff + src_offset;
                    dst = rbuff + dst_offset;
                    for (row = length; row > 0; row--)
                    {
                        for (i = 0; i < bytes_per_pixel; i++)
                            *dst++ = *(src + i);
                        src -= rowsize;
                    }
                }
            }
            else
            { /* non 8 bit per sample data */
                for (col = 0; col < width; col++)
                {
                    src_offset = (length - 1) * rowsize;
                    dst_offset = col * colsize;
                    src = ibuff + src_offset;
                    dst = rbuff + dst_offset;
                    switch (shift_width)
                    {
                        case 1:
                            if (bps == 1)
                            {
                                if (rotateContigSamples8bits(rotation, spp, bps,
                                                             width, length, col,
                                                             src, dst))
                                {
                                    _TIFFfree(rbuff);
                                    return (-1);
                                }
                                break;
                            }
                            if (rotateContigSamples16bits(rotation, spp, bps,
                                                          width, length, col,
                                                          src, dst))
                            {
                                _TIFFfree(rbuff);
                                return (-1);
                            }
                            break;
                        case 2:
                            if (rotateContigSamples24bits(rotation, spp, bps,
                                                          width, length, col,
                                                          src, dst))
                            {
                                _TIFFfree(rbuff);
                                return (-1);
                            }
                            break;
                        case 3:
                        case 4:
                        case 5:
                            if (rotateContigSamples32bits(rotation, spp, bps,
                                                          width, length, col,
                                                          src, dst))
                            {
                                _TIFFfree(rbuff);
                                return (-1);
                            }
                            break;
                        default:
                            TIFFError("rotateImage",
                                      "Unsupported bit depth %" PRIu16, bps);
                            _TIFFfree(rbuff);
                            return (-1);
                    }
                }
            }
            _TIFFfree(ibuff);
            *(ibuff_ptr) = rbuff;

            *img_width = length;
            *img_length = width;
            /* Only toggle image parameters if whole input image is rotated. */
            if (rot_image_params)
            {
                image->width = length;
                image->length = width;
                res_temp = image->xres;
                image->xres = image->yres;
                image->yres = res_temp;
            }
            break;

        case 270:
            if ((bps % 8) == 0) /* byte aligned data */
            {
                for (col = 0; col < width; col++)
                {
                    src_offset = col * bytes_per_pixel;
                    dst_offset = (width - col - 1) * colsize;
                    src = ibuff + src_offset;
                    dst = rbuff + dst_offset;
                    for (row = length; row > 0; row--)
                    {
                        for (i = 0; i < bytes_per_pixel; i++)
                            *dst++ = *(src + i);
                        src += rowsize;
                    }
                }
            }
            else
            { /* non 8 bit per sample data */
                for (col = 0; col < width; col++)
                {
                    src_offset = 0;
                    dst_offset = (width - col - 1) * colsize;
                    src = ibuff + src_offset;
                    dst = rbuff + dst_offset;
                    switch (shift_width)
                    {
                        case 1:
                            if (bps == 1)
                            {
                                if (rotateContigSamples8bits(rotation, spp, bps,
                                                             width, length, col,
                                                             src, dst))
                                {
                                    _TIFFfree(rbuff);
                                    return (-1);
                                }
                                break;
                            }
                            if (rotateContigSamples16bits(rotation, spp, bps,
                                                          width, length, col,
                                                          src, dst))
                            {
                                _TIFFfree(rbuff);
                                return (-1);
                            }
                            break;
                        case 2:
                            if (rotateContigSamples24bits(rotation, spp, bps,
                                                          width, length, col,
                                                          src, dst))
                            {
                                _TIFFfree(rbuff);
                                return (-1);
                            }
                            break;
                        case 3:
                        case 4:
                        case 5:
                            if (rotateContigSamples32bits(rotation, spp, bps,
                                                          width, length, col,
                                                          src, dst))
                            {
                                _TIFFfree(rbuff);
                                return (-1);
                            }
                            break;
                        default:
                            TIFFError("rotateImage",
                                      "Unsupported bit depth %" PRIu16, bps);
                            _TIFFfree(rbuff);
                            return (-1);
                    }
                }
            }
            _TIFFfree(ibuff);
            *(ibuff_ptr) = rbuff;

            *img_width = length;
            *img_length = width;
            /* Only toggle image parameters if whole input image is rotated. */
            if (rot_image_params)
            {
                image->width = length;
                image->length = width;
                res_temp = image->xres;
                image->xres = image->yres;
                image->yres = res_temp;
            }
            break;
        default:
            break;
    }

    return (0);
} /* end rotateImage */

static int reverseSamples8bits(uint16_t spp, uint16_t bps, uint32_t width,
                               uint8_t *ibuff, uint8_t *obuff)
{
    int ready_bits = 0;
    uint32_t col;
    uint32_t src_byte, src_bit;
    uint32_t bit_offset = 0;
    uint8_t match_bits = 0, mask_bits = 0;
    uint8_t buff1 = 0, buff2 = 0;
    unsigned char *src;
    unsigned char *dst;
    tsample_t sample;

    if ((ibuff == NULL) || (obuff == NULL))
    {
        TIFFError("reverseSamples8bits", "Invalid image or work buffer");
        return (1);
    }

    ready_bits = 0;
    mask_bits = (uint8_t)-1 >> (8 - bps);
    dst = obuff;
    for (col = width; col > 0; col--)
    {
        /* Compute src byte(s) and bits within byte(s) */
        bit_offset = (col - 1) * bps * spp;
        for (sample = 0; sample < spp; sample++)
        {
            if (sample == 0)
            {
                src_byte = bit_offset / 8;
                src_bit = bit_offset % 8;
            }
            else
            {
                src_byte = (bit_offset + (sample * bps)) / 8;
                src_bit = (bit_offset + (sample * bps)) % 8;
            }

            src = ibuff + src_byte;
            match_bits = mask_bits << (8 - src_bit - bps);
            buff1 = ((*src) & match_bits) << (src_bit);

            if (ready_bits < 8)
                buff2 = (buff2 | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
            else /* If we have a full buffer's worth, write it out */
            {
                *dst++ = buff2;
                buff2 = buff1;
                ready_bits -= 8;
            }
            ready_bits += bps;
        }
    }
    if (ready_bits > 0)
    {
        buff1 = (buff2 & ((unsigned int)255 << (8 - ready_bits)));
        *dst++ = buff1;
    }

    return (0);
} /* end reverseSamples8bits */

static int reverseSamples16bits(uint16_t spp, uint16_t bps, uint32_t width,
                                uint8_t *ibuff, uint8_t *obuff)
{
    int ready_bits = 0;
    uint32_t col;
    uint32_t src_byte = 0, high_bit = 0;
    uint32_t bit_offset = 0;
    uint16_t match_bits = 0, mask_bits = 0;
    uint16_t buff1 = 0, buff2 = 0;
    uint8_t bytebuff = 0;
    unsigned char *src;
    unsigned char *dst;
    tsample_t sample;

    if ((ibuff == NULL) || (obuff == NULL))
    {
        TIFFError("reverseSample16bits", "Invalid image or work buffer");
        return (1);
    }

    ready_bits = 0;
    mask_bits = (uint16_t)-1 >> (16 - bps);
    dst = obuff;
    for (col = width; col > 0; col--)
    {
        /* Compute src byte(s) and bits within byte(s) */
        bit_offset = (col - 1) * bps * spp;
        for (sample = 0; sample < spp; sample++)
        {
            if (sample == 0)
            {
                src_byte = bit_offset / 8;
                high_bit = bit_offset % 8;
            }
            else
            {
                src_byte = (bit_offset + (sample * bps)) / 8;
                high_bit = (bit_offset + (sample * bps)) % 8;
            }

            src = ibuff + src_byte;
            match_bits = mask_bits << (16 - high_bit - bps);
            if (little_endian)
                buff1 = (src[0] << 8) | src[1];
            else
                buff1 = (src[1] << 8) | src[0];
            buff1 = (buff1 & match_bits) << (high_bit);

            if (ready_bits < 8)
            { /* add another bps bits to the buffer */
                bytebuff = 0;
                buff2 = (buff2 | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
            }
            else /* If we have a full buffer's worth, write it out */
            {
                bytebuff = (buff2 >> 8);
                *dst++ = bytebuff;
                ready_bits -= 8;
                /* shift in new bits */
                buff2 = ((buff2 << 8) | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
            }
            ready_bits += bps;
        }
    }

    if (ready_bits > 0)
    {
        bytebuff = (buff2 >> 8);
        *dst++ = bytebuff;
    }

    return (0);
} /* end reverseSamples16bits */

static int reverseSamples24bits(uint16_t spp, uint16_t bps, uint32_t width,
                                uint8_t *ibuff, uint8_t *obuff)
{
    int ready_bits = 0;
    uint32_t col;
    uint32_t src_byte = 0, high_bit = 0;
    uint32_t bit_offset = 0;
    uint32_t match_bits = 0, mask_bits = 0;
    uint32_t buff1 = 0, buff2 = 0;
    uint8_t bytebuff1 = 0, bytebuff2 = 0;
    unsigned char *src;
    unsigned char *dst;
    tsample_t sample;

    if ((ibuff == NULL) || (obuff == NULL))
    {
        TIFFError("reverseSamples24bits", "Invalid image or work buffer");
        return (1);
    }

    ready_bits = 0;
    mask_bits = (uint32_t)-1 >> (32 - bps);
    dst = obuff;
    for (col = width; col > 0; col--)
    {
        /* Compute src byte(s) and bits within byte(s) */
        bit_offset = (col - 1) * bps * spp;
        for (sample = 0; sample < spp; sample++)
        {
            if (sample == 0)
            {
                src_byte = bit_offset / 8;
                high_bit = bit_offset % 8;
            }
            else
            {
                src_byte = (bit_offset + (sample * bps)) / 8;
                high_bit = (bit_offset + (sample * bps)) % 8;
            }

            src = ibuff + src_byte;
            match_bits = mask_bits << (32 - high_bit - bps);
            if (little_endian)
                buff1 =
                    (src[0] << 24) | (src[1] << 16) | (src[2] << 8) | src[3];
            else
                buff1 =
                    (src[3] << 24) | (src[2] << 16) | (src[1] << 8) | src[0];
            buff1 = (buff1 & match_bits) << (high_bit);

            if (ready_bits < 16)
            { /* add another bps bits to the buffer */
                bytebuff1 = bytebuff2 = 0;
                buff2 = (buff2 | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
            }
            else /* If we have a full buffer's worth, write it out */
            {
                bytebuff1 = (buff2 >> 24);
                *dst++ = bytebuff1;
                bytebuff2 = (buff2 >> 16);
                *dst++ = bytebuff2;
                ready_bits -= 16;

                /* shift in new bits */
                buff2 = ((buff2 << 16) | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
            }
            ready_bits += bps;
        }
    }

    /* catch any trailing bits at the end of the line */
    while (ready_bits > 0)
    {
        bytebuff1 = (buff2 >> 24);
        *dst++ = bytebuff1;

        buff2 = (buff2 << 8);
        bytebuff2 = bytebuff1;
        ready_bits -= 8;
    }

    return (0);
} /* end reverseSamples24bits */

static int reverseSamples32bits(uint16_t spp, uint16_t bps, uint32_t width,
                                uint8_t *ibuff, uint8_t *obuff)
{
    int ready_bits = 0 /*, shift_width = 0 */;
    /* int    bytes_per_sample, bytes_per_pixel; */
    uint32_t bit_offset;
    uint32_t src_byte = 0, high_bit = 0;
    uint32_t col;
    uint32_t longbuff1 = 0, longbuff2 = 0;
    uint64_t mask_bits = 0, match_bits = 0;
    uint64_t buff1 = 0, buff2 = 0, buff3 = 0;
    uint8_t bytebuff1 = 0, bytebuff2 = 0, bytebuff3 = 0, bytebuff4 = 0;
    unsigned char *src;
    unsigned char *dst;
    tsample_t sample;

    if ((ibuff == NULL) || (obuff == NULL))
    {
        TIFFError("reverseSamples32bits", "Invalid image or work buffer");
        return (1);
    }

    ready_bits = 0;
    mask_bits = (uint64_t)-1 >> (64 - bps);
    dst = obuff;

    /* bytes_per_sample = (bps + 7) / 8; */
    /* bytes_per_pixel  = ((bps * spp) + 7) / 8; */
    /* if (bytes_per_pixel < (bytes_per_sample + 1)) */
    /*   shift_width = bytes_per_pixel; */
    /* else */
    /*   shift_width = bytes_per_sample + 1; */

    for (col = width; col > 0; col--)
    {
        /* Compute src byte(s) and bits within byte(s) */
        bit_offset = (col - 1) * bps * spp;
        for (sample = 0; sample < spp; sample++)
        {
            if (sample == 0)
            {
                src_byte = bit_offset / 8;
                high_bit = bit_offset % 8;
            }
            else
            {
                src_byte = (bit_offset + (sample * bps)) / 8;
                high_bit = (bit_offset + (sample * bps)) % 8;
            }

            src = ibuff + src_byte;
            match_bits = mask_bits << (64 - high_bit - bps);
            if (little_endian)
            {
                longbuff1 =
                    (src[0] << 24) | (src[1] << 16) | (src[2] << 8) | src[3];
                longbuff2 = longbuff1;
            }
            else
            {
                longbuff1 =
                    (src[3] << 24) | (src[2] << 16) | (src[1] << 8) | src[0];
                longbuff2 = longbuff1;
            }
            buff3 = ((uint64_t)longbuff1 << 32) | longbuff2;
            buff1 = (buff3 & match_bits) << (high_bit);

            if (ready_bits < 32)
            { /* add another bps bits to the buffer */
                bytebuff1 = bytebuff2 = bytebuff3 = bytebuff4 = 0;
                buff2 = (buff2 | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
            }
            else /* If we have a full buffer's worth, write it out */
            {
                bytebuff1 = (uint8_t)(buff2 >> 56);
                *dst++ = bytebuff1;
                bytebuff2 = (uint8_t)(buff2 >> 48);
                *dst++ = bytebuff2;
                bytebuff3 = (uint8_t)(buff2 >> 40);
                *dst++ = bytebuff3;
                bytebuff4 = (uint8_t)(buff2 >> 32);
                *dst++ = bytebuff4;
                ready_bits -= 32;

                /* shift in new bits */
                buff2 = ((buff2 << 32) | (buff1 >> ready_bits));
            }
            ready_bits += bps;
        }
    }
    while (ready_bits > 0)
    {
        bytebuff1 = (buff2 >> 56);
        *dst++ = bytebuff1;
        buff2 = (buff2 << 8);
        ready_bits -= 8;
    }

    return (0);
} /* end reverseSamples32bits */

static int reverseSamplesBytes(uint16_t spp, uint16_t bps, uint32_t width,
                               uint8_t *src, uint8_t *dst)
{
    int i;
    uint32_t col, bytes_per_pixel, col_offset;
    uint8_t bytebuff1;
    unsigned char swapbuff[32];

    if ((src == NULL) || (dst == NULL))
    {
        TIFFError("reverseSamplesBytes", "Invalid input or output buffer");
        return (1);
    }

    bytes_per_pixel = ((bps * spp) + 7) / 8;
    if (bytes_per_pixel > sizeof(swapbuff))
    {
        TIFFError("reverseSamplesBytes", "bytes_per_pixel too large");
        return (1);
    }
    switch (bps / 8)
    {
        case 8: /* Use memcpy for multiple bytes per sample data */
        case 4:
        case 3:
        case 2:
            for (col = 0; col < (width / 2); col++)
            {
                col_offset = col * bytes_per_pixel;
                _TIFFmemcpy(swapbuff, src + col_offset, bytes_per_pixel);
                _TIFFmemcpy(src + col_offset,
                            dst - col_offset - bytes_per_pixel,
                            bytes_per_pixel);
                _TIFFmemcpy(dst - col_offset - bytes_per_pixel, swapbuff,
                            bytes_per_pixel);
            }
            break;
        case 1: /* Use byte copy only for single byte per sample data */
            for (col = 0; col < (width / 2); col++)
            {
                for (i = 0; i < spp; i++)
                {
                    bytebuff1 = *src;
                    *src++ = *(dst - spp + i);
                    *(dst - spp + i) = bytebuff1;
                }
                dst -= spp;
            }
            break;
        default:
            TIFFError("reverseSamplesBytes", "Unsupported bit depth %" PRIu16,
                      bps);
            return (1);
    }
    return (0);
} /* end reverseSamplesBytes */

/* Mirror an image horizontally or vertically */
static int mirrorImage(uint16_t spp, uint16_t bps, uint16_t mirror,
                       uint32_t width, uint32_t length, unsigned char *ibuff)
{
    int shift_width;
    uint32_t bytes_per_pixel, bytes_per_sample;
    uint32_t row, rowsize, row_offset;
    unsigned char *line_buff = NULL;
    unsigned char *src;
    unsigned char *dst;

    src = ibuff;
    rowsize = ((width * bps * spp) + 7) / 8;
    switch (mirror)
    {
        case MIRROR_BOTH:
        case MIRROR_VERT:
            line_buff =
                (unsigned char *)limitMalloc(rowsize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);
            if (line_buff == NULL)
            {
                TIFFError("mirrorImage",
                          "Unable to allocate mirror line buffer of %1u bytes",
                          rowsize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);
                return (-1);
            }
            _TIFFmemset(line_buff, '\0', rowsize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);

            dst = ibuff + (rowsize * (length - 1));
            for (row = 0; row < length / 2; row++)
            {
                _TIFFmemcpy(line_buff, src, rowsize);
                _TIFFmemcpy(src, dst, rowsize);
                _TIFFmemcpy(dst, line_buff, rowsize);
                src += (rowsize);
                dst -= (rowsize);
            }
            if (line_buff)
                _TIFFfree(line_buff);
            if (mirror == MIRROR_VERT)
                break;
            /* Fall through */
        case MIRROR_HORIZ:
            if ((bps % 8) == 0) /* byte aligned data */
            {
                for (row = 0; row < length; row++)
                {
                    row_offset = row * rowsize;
                    src = ibuff + row_offset;
                    dst = ibuff + row_offset + rowsize;
                    if (reverseSamplesBytes(spp, bps, width, src, dst))
                    {
                        return (-1);
                    }
                }
            }
            else
            { /* non 8 bit per sample  data */
                if (!(line_buff = (unsigned char *)limitMalloc(
                          rowsize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES)))
                {
                    TIFFError("mirrorImage",
                              "Unable to allocate mirror line buffer");
                    return (-1);
                }
                _TIFFmemset(line_buff, '\0', rowsize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);
                bytes_per_sample = (bps + 7) / 8;
                bytes_per_pixel = ((bps * spp) + 7) / 8;
                if (bytes_per_pixel < (bytes_per_sample + 1))
                    shift_width = bytes_per_pixel;
                else
                    shift_width = bytes_per_sample + 1;

                for (row = 0; row < length; row++)
                {
                    row_offset = row * rowsize;
                    src = ibuff + row_offset;
                    _TIFFmemset(line_buff, '\0',
                                rowsize + NUM_BUFF_OVERSIZE_BYTES);
                    switch (shift_width)
                    {
                        case 1:
                            if (reverseSamples16bits(spp, bps, width, src,
                                                     line_buff))
                            {
                                _TIFFfree(line_buff);
                                return (-1);
                            }
                            _TIFFmemcpy(src, line_buff, rowsize);
                            break;
                        case 2:
                            if (reverseSamples24bits(spp, bps, width, src,
                                                     line_buff))
                            {
                                _TIFFfree(line_buff);
                                return (-1);
                            }
                            _TIFFmemcpy(src, line_buff, rowsize);
                            break;
                        case 3:
                        case 4:
                        case 5:
                            if (reverseSamples32bits(spp, bps, width, src,
                                                     line_buff))
                            {
                                _TIFFfree(line_buff);
                                return (-1);
                            }
                            _TIFFmemcpy(src, line_buff, rowsize);
                            break;
                        default:
                            TIFFError("mirrorImage",
                                      "Unsupported bit depth %" PRIu16, bps);
                            _TIFFfree(line_buff);
                            return (-1);
                    }
                }
                if (line_buff)
                    _TIFFfree(line_buff);
            }
            break;

        default:
            TIFFError("mirrorImage", "Invalid mirror axis %" PRIu16, mirror);
            return (-1);
            break;
    }

    return (0);
}

/* Invert the light and dark values for a bilevel or grayscale image */
static int invertImage(uint16_t photometric, uint16_t spp, uint16_t bps,
                       uint32_t width, uint32_t length,
                       unsigned char *work_buff)
{
    uint32_t row, col;
    unsigned char *src;
    uint16_t *src_uint16;
    uint32_t *src_uint32;

    if (spp != 1)
    {
        TIFFError(
            "invertImage",
            "Image inversion not supported for more than one sample per pixel");
        return (-1);
    }

    if (photometric != PHOTOMETRIC_MINISWHITE &&
        photometric != PHOTOMETRIC_MINISBLACK)
    {
        TIFFError("invertImage",
                  "Only black and white and grayscale images can be inverted");
        return (-1);
    }

    src = work_buff;
    if (src == NULL)
    {
        TIFFError("invertImage", "Invalid crop buffer passed to invertImage");
        return (-1);
    }

    switch (bps)
    {
        case 32:
            src_uint32 = (uint32_t *)src;
            for (row = 0; row < length; row++)
                for (col = 0; col < width; col++)
                {
                    *src_uint32 = ~(*src_uint32);
                    src_uint32++;
                }
            break;
        case 16:
            src_uint16 = (uint16_t *)src;
            for (row = 0; row < length; row++)
                for (col = 0; col < width; col++)
                {
                    *src_uint16 = ~(*src_uint16);
                    src_uint16++;
                }
            break;
        case 8:
        case 4:
        case 2:
        case 1:
            for (row = 0; row < length; row++)
                for (col = 0; col < width; col += 8 / bps)
                {
                    *src = ~(*src);
                    src++;
                }
            break;
        default:
            TIFFError("invertImage", "Unsupported bit depth %" PRIu16, bps);
            return (-1);
    }

    return (0);
}
